There are no middle-power countries in Western developed countries.
There are only fallen, former imperialist countries in Western developed countries.
There are no middle-power countries in Western developed countries.
There are only fallen, former imperialist countries in Western developed countries.
[1]
In 1949, the Netherlands joined NATO as one of its founding members.
After World War II, the Netherlands promptly sent its troops again in order to restore its colonial rule over Indonesia.
The Netherlands even used defoliant in Indonesia.
[2]
In 1949, Belgium joined NATO as one of its founding members.
During World War II, the Congo was exploited for forced labor as a major resource country for the U.S. and the U.K.
The uranium used in the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was produced in the Congo.
Belgian and NATO forces killed Congo's president, Patrice Lumumba.
Belgian and NATO forces even killed the U.N. Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold, who had come to mediate peace.
Belgium committed genocide in the Congo Free State, also known as the Independent State of the Congo.
[3]
In 1949, Portugal joined NATO as one of its founding members.
After World War II, Portugal sent its troops to the colonies in Africa in order to restore its colonial rule over Africa.
The colonies of Portugal in Africa got independence in 1975.
After the death of Portuguese dictator Antonio Salazar in 1970, Portugal finally recognized independence after the Carnation Revolution (1974).
Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe and Angola got independence.
[4]
Spain maintained its fascist regime until 1975, even after World War II.
Francisco Franco's death finally brought an end to the fascist regime.
[5]
In 1949, Canada joined NATO as one of its founding members.
The Canadian Army was originally a militia formed to massacre Native Americans in place of the U.K. Army.
Canada forced its assimilation policies on Native Americans, established the Canadian Indian residential school and committed genocide.
The Canadian militia was the vanguard of this policy.
The Canadian Army began deploying overseas during the Boer Wars (1899-1902).
Canada also participated in World War I, World War II and the Korean War.
Of course, Nazis and fascists are evil.
But Western developed countries are also imperialists and colonialists.
Canada voluntarily and actively supported the imperialism and colonialism of Western developed countries.
We must think from the perspective of the colonized countries.
Fascists are obviously evil, but Western developed countries are also evil.
[6]
In 1949, the U.K. joined NATO as one of its founding members.
The U.K. committed genocide in the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, India, Pakistan and Burma.
The U.K. committed the First Opium War and the Second Opium War.
[7]
In 1949, France joined NATO as one of its founding members.
France committed genocide in the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, India and Vietnam.
[8]
Japan wants an Asian NATO.
[9]
[Wikipedia]
Patrice Lumumba
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba
Patrice Émery Lumumba[e] (born Isaïe Tasumbu Tawosa; 2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese politician and independence leader who served as the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as the Republic of the Congo) from June until September 1960, following the May 1960 election.
Lumumba was the leader of the Congolese National Movement (MNC) from 1958 until his assassination in 1961.
Ideologically an African nationalist and pan-Africanist, he played a significant role in the transformation of the Congo from a colony of Belgium into an independent republic.
Independence and election as prime minister
Independence Day was celebrated on 30 June 1960 in a ceremony attended by many dignitaries, including King Baudouin of Belgium and the foreign press.
Baudouin's speech praised developments under colonialism, his reference to the "genius" of his great-granduncle Leopold II of Belgium, glossing over atrocities committed during his reign over the Congo Free State.
The King continued, "Don't compromise the future with hasty reforms, and don't replace the structures that Belgium hands over to you until you are sure you can do better. Don't be afraid to come to us. We will remain by your side, give you advice."
Lumumba, who had not been scheduled to speak, delivered an impromptu speech that reminded the audience that the independence of the Congo had not been granted magnanimously by Belgium:
For this independence of the Congo, although being proclaimed today by agreement with Belgium, an amicable country, with which we are on equal terms, no Congolese worthy of the name will ever be able to forget that it was by fighting that it has been won, a day-to-day fight, an ardent and idealistic fight, a fight in which we were spared neither privation nor suffering, and for which we gave our strength and our blood. We are proud of this struggle, of tears, of fire, and of blood, to the depths of our being, for it was a noble and just struggle, and indispensable to put an end to the humiliating slavery which was imposed upon us by force.
[Friends of the Congo]
Last Letter
https://friendsofthecongo.org/last-letter/
My dear companion,
I write you these words without knowing if they will reach you, when they will reach you, or if I will still be living when you read them. All during the length of my fight for the independence of my country, I have never doubted for a single instant the final triumph of the sacred cause to which my companions and myself have consecrated our lives. But what we wish for our country, its right to an honorable life, to a spotless dignity, to an independence without restrictions, Belgian colonialism and its Western allies-who have found direct and indirect support, deliberate and not deliberate among certain high officials of the United Nations, this organization in which we placed all our confidence when we called for their assistance-have not wished it.
They have corrupted certain of our fellow countrymen, they have contributed to distorting the truth and our enemies, that they will rise up like a single person to say no to a degrading and shameful colonialism and to reassume their dignity under a pure sun.
We are not alone. Africa, Asia, and free and liberated people from every corner of the world will always be found at the side of the Congolese. They will not abandon the light until the day comes when there are no more colonizers and their mercenaries in our country. To my children whom I leave and whom perhaps I will see no more, I wish that they be told that the future of the Congo is beautiful and that it expects for each Congolese, to accomplish the sacred task of reconstruction of our independence and our sovereignty; for without dignity there is no liberty, without justice there is no dignity, and without independence there are no free men.
No brutality, mistreatment, or torture has ever forced me to ask for grace, for I prefer to die with my head high, my faith steadfast, and my confidence profound in the destiny of my country, rather than to live in submission and scorn of sacred principles. History will one day have its say, but it will not be the history that Brussels, Paris, Washington or the United Nations will teach, but that which they will teach in the countries emancipated from colonialism and its puppets. Africa will write its own history, and it will be, to the north and to the south of the Sahara, a history of glory and dignity.
Do not weep for me, my dear companion. I know that my country, which suffers so much, will know how to defend its independence and its liberty. Long live the Congo! Long live Africa!
Written by Patrice Lumumba in December 1960
[Wikipedia]
Belgian Congo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo
Economic policy
World War II
During World War II, industrial production and agricultural output increased drastically.
The Congolese population bore the brunt of the "war effort" – for instance, through a reinforcement of the mandatory cultivation policy.
After Malaya fell to the Japanese (January 1942), the Belgian Congo became a strategic supplier of rubber to the Allies.
The Belgian Congo became one of the major exporters of uranium to the US during World War II (and the Cold War), particularly from the Shinkolobwe mine.
The colony provided the uranium used by the Manhattan Project, including in atomic bombs dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
[Wikipedia]
Belgian Congo in World War II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II
The involvement of the Belgian Congo (the modern-day DR Congo) in World War II began with the German invasion of Belgium in May 1940.
Despite Belgium's surrender, the Congo remained in the conflict on the Allied side, administered by the Belgian government in exile.
Economically, the Congo provided much-needed raw materials such as copper and rubber to the United Kingdom and the United States. The Uranium from the colony was used to produce the first atomic bombs.
At the same time, a large supply of the territory's industrial diamonds were smuggled to Nazi Germany with the complicity of Belgian business executives.
The Congo also financially supported the Belgian government in exile.
Economic contribution
Allied support
The greatest economic demands on the Congo during the war were related to raw materials. Between 1938 and 1944, the number of workers employed in the mines of the Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK) rose from 25,000 to 49,000 to cope with the increased demand.
The colonial administration enacted ultimately successful policies aimed at increasing the size of the Congo's labour force; the number of wage labourers in the colony grew from 480,000 in 1938 to 800,000 in 1945.
In order to increase production for the war effort, the colonial authorities increased the hours and the speed at which workers, both European and African, were expected to work.
This led to increasing labour unrest across the colony.
Forced labour, which had been banned in the 1930s, was reintroduced to keep up with demand; by 1944, the maximum number of days of forced labour per year was raised to 120 for rural Congolese.
Discontent among the white population was also increased by the raising of heavy war taxes, which sometimes reached as high as 40 percent.
High taxes and price controls were enforced from 1941, limiting the amount of profit that could be made and curbing profiteering.
While the price controls aided exports to the Allies, it adversely affected Congolese peasants, who earned less despite their increased amount of labour.
The vast majority of the Congolese-produced raw resources were exported to other Allied countries.
According to the Belgian government, by 1942 the entire colony's output of copper and palm oil were being exported to the United Kingdom, while almost all the colony's lumber was sent to South Africa.
Exports to the United States also rose from $600,000 in early 1940 to $2,700,000 by 1942.
Uranium
Uranium-235 was mined in the Congo at Shinkolobwe in Katanga before the war by the UMHK for export to Belgium.
It was originally used by the medical industry—for radium production—and for colouring ceramics.
Scientists in Europe later discovered that enriched uranium could be used in the production of a supposed atomic bomb.
The physicists Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein sent U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt the Einstein–Szilard letter to warn him of the possibility of a German atomic bomb program and advised him that the Congo was a main source of the mineral.
Uranium extracted from the disused Shinkolobwe mine ultimately proved instrumental in the development of an atomic bomb during the Allied Manhattan Project.
The director of UMHK, Edgar Sengier, secretly dispatched half of its uranium stock to New York in 1940; in September 1942, he sold it to the United States Army.
Sengier himself moved to New York, from where he directed the UMHK's operations for the rest of the war.
The Roosevelt government sent soldiers from the Army Corps of Engineers to Shinkolobwe in 1942 to restore the mine and improve its transport links by renovating the local aerodromes and port facilities.
In September 1944 the Belgian government reached an agreement with the United Kingdom and the United States, whereby it would sell only those two countries the Congolese uranium at a fixed price.
That year the US government acquired a further 1,720 long tons (1,750 t) of uranium ore from the newly reopened mine.
The mine was mostly staffed by Congolese, who laboured in unhealthy conditions.
German diamond trafficking
During the war there were frequent rumors that some Belgian industrialists involved in colonial enterprises were covertly aiding Germany.
American officials found working with Belgo-Congolese mining companies to secure industrial diamonds to be difficult.
According to the Belgian government, by 1942 the colony's entire output of industrial diamonds was being shipped to the United Kingdom.
In reality, many industrial diamonds were smuggled to Nazi Germany for use in the German war effort.
Most Congolese diamonds were mined by Forminière, a subsidiary of the Société Générale de Belgique, which was in turn a member of the De Beers Diamond Syndicate.
In 1940, the Syndicate reported that the Congo annually produced 10.9 million carats of diamonds.
Immediately after the outbreak of war reported production sharply declined, and by 1942 production had officially fallen to 5 million carats–roughly the original production number minus the amount exported to Germany before the war.
Believing that a large volume of diamonds were being smuggled out of the colony, American intelligence officials convinced British agents to inspect the security of the mines.
The officer tasked with overseeing the inspection teams concluded that proper security measures were lacking and that Forminière and Société minière du Bécéka personnel fostered a "sinister atmosphere" during the tours.
Firmin van Bree, the director of Forminière, was widely suspected of maintaining German sympathies.
The German government conducted secret negotiations with leaders of Forminière and the Société Générale, and reached deals that allowed them to purchase large quantities of diamonds until 1944.
In 1943 Germany paid the Société Générale $10.5 million for diamonds.
American and British agents ultimately uncovered a wide smuggling network that brought diamonds out of the Congo and to German-occupied Europe by air and sea.
According to one American report, Belgian diplomatic bags were sometimes used for transporting the gemstones.
Proposals by the Americans to stifle the illicit trade were dissuaded by the British Ministry of Economic Warfare, whose Diamond Committee was dominated by members of the De Beers Diamond Syndicate. After the end of the war the Belgian government demanded that Germany pay $25 million owed to the Société Générale for 576,676 carats of diamonds.
[CBC]Jan 25, 2022
British Columbia
93 potential burial sites found near former B.C. residential school
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/williams-lake-st-josephs-residential-school-1.6326467
Preliminary results follow survey of former St. Joseph's Mission school site
WARNING: This story contains details some readers may find distressing.
A survey of a small segment of the land surrounding a former B.C. residential school has identified 93 sites of "potential human burials," according to representatives of a nearby First Nation.
The chief and council of Williams Lake First Nation (WLFN) revealed on Tuesday preliminary findings of their investigation into St. Joseph's Mission Residential School and nearby Onward Ranch, based on a probe of 14 out of 470 hectares that have been identified as areas of interest.
WLFN Chief Willie Sellars described the findings as part of a "reawakening" for Indigenous people about the lingering traumas of the residential school system.
Sellars said that discovery "forced Canadians to acknowledge the reality of residential schools" and created unprecedented support for efforts to uncover the truth about the systemic abuses supported by the Canadian government, churches and the RCMP.
"There can be no reconciliation before there is truth," he said during a news conference.
'The darkest recesses of human behaviour'
Many of the WLFN's members were forced to attend St. Joseph's, which opened in 1891 and operated until 1981. It began as an industrial school and later grew to include Onward Ranch, which was acquired in 1964 to sustain the school.
The team heard stories of disappearances, murders, systematic torture, rape and starvation of children, according to Sellars. There were accounts of children who were tied to boards and lashed, and newborn babies fathered by priests tossed into the school's incinerator.
Some members of the church's leadership, including Father Harold McIntee, were later convicted of sexual offences against the students.
Sellars said that there were reports of children disappearing from the school or dying on its grounds while it was still in operation, but those stories were "intentionally obscured" through destruction of records and cover-ups by governments, church authorities and police.
"Reports were at best given no credence," he said. "At worst there was something darker going on to suppress the truth."
Survivor remembers 'atrocities'
Physical, emotional and sexual abuse of St. Joseph's students was also documented by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.
It is estimated that more than 150,000 children attended residential schools in Canada from the 1830s until the last school closed in 1997.
The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (NCTR) estimates about 4,100 children died at the schools, based on death records, but has said the true total is likely much higher. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission said large numbers of Indigenous children who were forcibly sent to residential schools never returned home.
[Wikipedia]
Canadian Indian residential school system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system
The Canadian Indian residential school system[a] was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples.[b]
The network was funded by the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs and administered by various Christian churches.
The school system was created as a civilizing mission to isolate Indigenous children from the influence of their own culture and religion in order to assimilate them into the dominant Euro-Canadian culture.
The system began with laws before Confederation and was mainly active after the Indian Act was passed in 1876.
Attendance at these schools became compulsory in 1894, and many schools were located far from Indigenous communities, in part to limit cultural contact.
By the 1930s, about 30 percent of Indigenous children were attending residential schools.
The last federally-funded residential school closed in 1997, with schools operating across most provinces and territories.
Over the course of the system's more than 160-year history, around 150,000 children were placed in residential schools nationally.
The schools caused significant harm to Indigenous children by removing them from their families and cultures.
Cases of physical and sexual abuse are documented.
During their stay many students were forced to assimilate to Euro-Canadian culture, losing their Indigenous identities and struggling to fit into both their own communities as well as Canadian society.
This disruption has contributed to ongoing issues like post-traumatic stress and substance abuse in Indigenous communities.
Over 4,000 student deaths have been documented, with estimates that the full number is over 6,000.
The vast majority of these fatalities were caused by diseases such as tuberculosis.
[Singapore Management UniversitySingapore Management University]
[Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management UniversityInstitutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University]
9-2024
Commentary: No one wants an Asian NATO, except Japan’s new
PM IshibaPM Ishiba
https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5340&context=soss_research
Publication: CNA Online
Date: 3 September 2024
Headline: Commentary: No one wants an Asian NATO, except Japan’s new PM Ishiba
Commentary: No one wants an Asian NATO, except Japan’s new PM Ishiba
Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba is a proponent of a collective defence system in
Asia to counter China. Its appeal is not so clear for Southeast Asia,
西側先進国に中堅国なんてない。
西側先進国は、没落した、元帝国主義国家、なだけだ。
[1]
1949年、オランダはNATOの設立とともに原加盟国として参加。
オランダは、第2次大戦後、インドネシアの植民地支配を復活させようとし、再び、すぐに軍隊を送った。
枯葉剤すら使用した。
[2]
1949年、ベルギーはNATOの設立とともに原加盟国として参加。
コンゴは、第2次大戦時、米国および英国の主要な資源国として強制労働させられた。
ヒロシマやナガサキの原爆のウランは、コンゴで産出した。
ベルギー軍およびNATO軍は、大統領のパトリス・ルムンバを殺害。
ベルギー軍およびNATO軍は、平和仲介に来た国連事務総長ダグ・ハマーショルドすら殺害。
コンゴ自由国では、ベルギーによるジェノサイドがあった。
[3]
1949年、ポルトガルはNATOの設立とともに原加盟国として参加。
ポルトガルは、第2次大戦後、アフリカの植民地独立を阻止すべく軍隊を送った。
独立を認めたのは1975年。
ポルトガル独裁者のサラザールが死んだあと、ようやく、カーネーション革命(1974年)で独立を認めた。
ギニアビサウ、モザンビーク、カボヴェルデ、サントメ・プリンシペ、アンゴラが独立。
[4]
スペインは戦後もずっと1975年まで、ファシズム体制が温存された。
フランコが死んでようやくファシズム体制が終了する。
[5]
1949年、カナダはNATOの設立とともに原加盟国として参加。
カナダ軍は、もともと、英軍の代わりに、ネイティブアメリカンを虐殺するために作られた民兵隊。
カナダは、インディアンに対し同化政策を強制し、カナダインディアン寄宿学校(Canadian Indian residential school)を作り、大量虐殺をした。
カナダ民兵隊はその尖兵となった。
カナダ軍は、ボーア戦争（1899-1902）で海外派兵を開始。
カナダは、第1次大戦にも第2次大戦にも朝鮮戦争にも参戦している。
ナチやファシストは当然悪だ。
しかし、西側先進国も帝国主義植民地主義だ。
カナダはその西側先進国の植民地主義を自発的に積極的に支援した。
植民地にされた国々の視点で考えるべきだ。
ファシストは当然悪だが、西側先進国も悪だ。
[6]
1949年、英国はNATOの設立とともに原加盟国として参加。
英国は、中東、アフリカ、中南米、インド、パキスタン、ビルマで大量虐殺を行った。
英国は、アヘン戦争およびアロー戦争を起こした。
[7]
1949年、フランスはNATOの設立とともに原加盟国として参加。
フランスは、中東、アフリカ、中南米、インド、ベトナムで大量虐殺を行った。
[8]
ニホンは、アジア版NATOを望んでいる。
[9]
[Wikipedia]
パトリス・ルムンバ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba
パトリス・エメリ・ルムンバは
Patrice Émery Lumumba[e] (born Isaïe Tasumbu Tawosa; 2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese politician and independence leader who served as the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as the Republic of the Congo) from June until September 1960, following the May 1960 election.
Lumumba was the leader of the Congolese National Movement (MNC) from 1958 until his assassination in 1961.
Ideologically an African nationalist and pan-Africanist, he played a significant role in the transformation of the Congo from a colony of Belgium into an independent republic.
Independence and election as prime minister
Independence Day was celebrated on 30 June 1960 in a ceremony attended by many dignitaries, including King Baudouin of Belgium and the foreign press.
Baudouin's speech praised developments under colonialism, his reference to the "genius" of his great-granduncle Leopold II of Belgium, glossing over atrocities committed during his reign over the Congo Free State.
The King continued, "Don't compromise the future with hasty reforms, and don't replace the structures that Belgium hands over to you until you are sure you can do better. Don't be afraid to come to us. We will remain by your side, give you advice."
Lumumba, who had not been scheduled to speak, delivered an impromptu speech that reminded the audience that the independence of the Congo had not been granted magnanimously by Belgium:
For this independence of the Congo, although being proclaimed today by agreement with Belgium, an amicable country, with which we are on equal terms, no Congolese worthy of the name will ever be able to forget that it was by fighting that it has been won, a day-to-day fight, an ardent and idealistic fight, a fight in which we were spared neither privation nor suffering, and for which we gave our strength and our blood. We are proud of this struggle, of tears, of fire, and of blood, to the depths of our being, for it was a noble and just struggle, and indispensable to put an end to the humiliating slavery which was imposed upon us by force.
ルムンバは、演説することが予定されていなかったが、その場で、聴衆に、コンゴの独立は、ベルギーにより寛大に与えられたものではないことを、思い出させる演説をした：
このコンゴの独立は、こんにち友好的であり台頭な立場にあるベルギーとの合意により宣言されたが、コンゴ人の名に値する人であれば誰であれ、その独立が、日々の努力、熱心な理想主義的戦い、困難や苦しみを惜しまなかった戦い、我々の努力と血を捧げた戦い、により勝ち取られたものだ、ということを決して忘れることはできないだろう。我々は、この戦い、涙、炎、血、を心の底から誇りに思っている。なぜなら、それは崇高で正義の戦いであり、力により我々に押し付けられた屈辱的な奴隷制度を終わらせるのに不可欠な戦いだったからだ。
[Friends of the Congo]
Last Letter
https://friendsofthecongo.org/last-letter/
My dear companion,
I write you these words without knowing if they will reach you, when they will reach you, or if I will still be living when you read them. All during the length of my fight for the independence of my country, I have never doubted for a single instant the final triumph of the sacred cause to which my companions and myself have consecrated our lives. But what we wish for our country, its right to an honorable life, to a spotless dignity, to an independence without restrictions, Belgian colonialism and its Western allies-who have found direct and indirect support, deliberate and not deliberate among certain high officials of the United Nations, this organization in which we placed all our confidence when we called for their assistance-have not wished it.
They have corrupted certain of our fellow countrymen, they have contributed to distorting the truth and our enemies, that they will rise up like a single person to say no to a degrading and shameful colonialism and to reassume their dignity under a pure sun.
We are not alone. Africa, Asia, and free and liberated people from every corner of the world will always be found at the side of the Congolese. They will not abandon the light until the day comes when there are no more colonizers and their mercenaries in our country. To my children whom I leave and whom perhaps I will see no more, I wish that they be told that the future of the Congo is beautiful and that it expects for each Congolese, to accomplish the sacred task of reconstruction of our independence and our sovereignty; for without dignity there is no liberty, without justice there is no dignity, and without independence there are no free men.
No brutality, mistreatment, or torture has ever forced me to ask for grace, for I prefer to die with my head high, my faith steadfast, and my confidence profound in the destiny of my country, rather than to live in submission and scorn of sacred principles. History will one day have its say, but it will not be the history that Brussels, Paris, Washington or the United Nations will teach, but that which they will teach in the countries emancipated from colonialism and its puppets. Africa will write its own history, and it will be, to the north and to the south of the Sahara, a history of glory and dignity.
Do not weep for me, my dear companion. I know that my country, which suffers so much, will know how to defend its independence and its liberty. Long live the Congo! Long live Africa!
Written by Patrice Lumumba in December 1960
[Wikipedia]
Belgian Congo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo
Economic policy
World War II
During World War II, industrial production and agricultural output increased drastically.
The Congolese population bore the brunt of the "war effort" – for instance, through a reinforcement of the mandatory cultivation policy.
After Malaya fell to the Japanese (January 1942), the Belgian Congo became a strategic supplier of rubber to the Allies.
The Belgian Congo became one of the major exporters of uranium to the US during World War II (and the Cold War), particularly from the Shinkolobwe mine.
The colony provided the uranium used by the Manhattan Project, including in atomic bombs dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
[Wikipedia]
Belgian Congo in World War II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II
The involvement of the Belgian Congo (the modern-day DR Congo) in World War II began with the German invasion of Belgium in May 1940.
Despite Belgium's surrender, the Congo remained in the conflict on the Allied side, administered by the Belgian government in exile.
Economically, the Congo provided much-needed raw materials such as copper and rubber to the United Kingdom and the United States. The Uranium from the colony was used to produce the first atomic bombs.
At the same time, a large supply of the territory's industrial diamonds were smuggled to Nazi Germany with the complicity of Belgian business executives.
The Congo also financially supported the Belgian government in exile.
Economic contribution
Allied support
The greatest economic demands on the Congo during the war were related to raw materials. Between 1938 and 1944, the number of workers employed in the mines of the Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK) rose from 25,000 to 49,000 to cope with the increased demand.
The colonial administration enacted ultimately successful policies aimed at increasing the size of the Congo's labour force; the number of wage labourers in the colony grew from 480,000 in 1938 to 800,000 in 1945.
In order to increase production for the war effort, the colonial authorities increased the hours and the speed at which workers, both European and African, were expected to work.
This led to increasing labour unrest across the colony.
Forced labour, which had been banned in the 1930s, was reintroduced to keep up with demand; by 1944, the maximum number of days of forced labour per year was raised to 120 for rural Congolese.
Discontent among the white population was also increased by the raising of heavy war taxes, which sometimes reached as high as 40 percent.
High taxes and price controls were enforced from 1941, limiting the amount of profit that could be made and curbing profiteering.
While the price controls aided exports to the Allies, it adversely affected Congolese peasants, who earned less despite their increased amount of labour.
The vast majority of the Congolese-produced raw resources were exported to other Allied countries.
According to the Belgian government, by 1942 the entire colony's output of copper and palm oil were being exported to the United Kingdom, while almost all the colony's lumber was sent to South Africa.
Exports to the United States also rose from $600,000 in early 1940 to $2,700,000 by 1942.
Uranium
Uranium-235 was mined in the Congo at Shinkolobwe in Katanga before the war by the UMHK for export to Belgium.
It was originally used by the medical industry—for radium production—and for colouring ceramics.
Scientists in Europe later discovered that enriched uranium could be used in the production of a supposed atomic bomb.
The physicists Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein sent U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt the Einstein–Szilard letter to warn him of the possibility of a German atomic bomb program and advised him that the Congo was a main source of the mineral.
Uranium extracted from the disused Shinkolobwe mine ultimately proved instrumental in the development of an atomic bomb during the Allied Manhattan Project.
The director of UMHK, Edgar Sengier, secretly dispatched half of its uranium stock to New York in 1940; in September 1942, he sold it to the United States Army.
Sengier himself moved to New York, from where he directed the UMHK's operations for the rest of the war.
The Roosevelt government sent soldiers from the Army Corps of Engineers to Shinkolobwe in 1942 to restore the mine and improve its transport links by renovating the local aerodromes and port facilities.
In September 1944 the Belgian government reached an agreement with the United Kingdom and the United States, whereby it would sell only those two countries the Congolese uranium at a fixed price.
That year the US government acquired a further 1,720 long tons (1,750 t) of uranium ore from the newly reopened mine.
The mine was mostly staffed by Congolese, who laboured in unhealthy conditions.
German diamond trafficking
During the war there were frequent rumors that some Belgian industrialists involved in colonial enterprises were covertly aiding Germany.
American officials found working with Belgo-Congolese mining companies to secure industrial diamonds to be difficult.
According to the Belgian government, by 1942 the colony's entire output of industrial diamonds was being shipped to the United Kingdom.
In reality, many industrial diamonds were smuggled to Nazi Germany for use in the German war effort.
Most Congolese diamonds were mined by Forminière, a subsidiary of the Société Générale de Belgique, which was in turn a member of the De Beers Diamond Syndicate.
In 1940, the Syndicate reported that the Congo annually produced 10.9 million carats of diamonds.
Immediately after the outbreak of war reported production sharply declined, and by 1942 production had officially fallen to 5 million carats–roughly the original production number minus the amount exported to Germany before the war.
Believing that a large volume of diamonds were being smuggled out of the colony, American intelligence officials convinced British agents to inspect the security of the mines.
The officer tasked with overseeing the inspection teams concluded that proper security measures were lacking and that Forminière and Société minière du Bécéka personnel fostered a "sinister atmosphere" during the tours.
Firmin van Bree, the director of Forminière, was widely suspected of maintaining German sympathies.
The German government conducted secret negotiations with leaders of Forminière and the Société Générale, and reached deals that allowed them to purchase large quantities of diamonds until 1944.
In 1943 Germany paid the Société Générale $10.5 million for diamonds.
American and British agents ultimately uncovered a wide smuggling network that brought diamonds out of the Congo and to German-occupied Europe by air and sea.
According to one American report, Belgian diplomatic bags were sometimes used for transporting the gemstones.
Proposals by the Americans to stifle the illicit trade were dissuaded by the British Ministry of Economic Warfare, whose Diamond Committee was dominated by members of the De Beers Diamond Syndicate. After the end of the war the Belgian government demanded that Germany pay $25 million owed to the Société Générale for 576,676 carats of diamonds.
[CBC]Jan 25, 2022
British Columbia
93 potential burial sites found near former B.C. residential school
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/williams-lake-st-josephs-residential-school-1.6326467
Preliminary results follow survey of former St. Joseph's Mission school site
WARNING: This story contains details some readers may find distressing.
A survey of a small segment of the land surrounding a former B.C. residential school has identified 93 sites of "potential human burials," according to representatives of a nearby First Nation.
The chief and council of Williams Lake First Nation (WLFN) revealed on Tuesday preliminary findings of their investigation into St. Joseph's Mission Residential School and nearby Onward Ranch, based on a probe of 14 out of 470 hectares that have been identified as areas of interest.
WLFN Chief Willie Sellars described the findings as part of a "reawakening" for Indigenous people about the lingering traumas of the residential school system.
Sellars said that discovery "forced Canadians to acknowledge the reality of residential schools" and created unprecedented support for efforts to uncover the truth about the systemic abuses supported by the Canadian government, churches and the RCMP.
"There can be no reconciliation before there is truth," he said during a news conference.
'The darkest recesses of human behaviour'
Many of the WLFN's members were forced to attend St. Joseph's, which opened in 1891 and operated until 1981. It began as an industrial school and later grew to include Onward Ranch, which was acquired in 1964 to sustain the school.
The team heard stories of disappearances, murders, systematic torture, rape and starvation of children, according to Sellars. There were accounts of children who were tied to boards and lashed, and newborn babies fathered by priests tossed into the school's incinerator.
Some members of the church's leadership, including Father Harold McIntee, were later convicted of sexual offences against the students.
Sellars said that there were reports of children disappearing from the school or dying on its grounds while it was still in operation, but those stories were "intentionally obscured" through destruction of records and cover-ups by governments, church authorities and police.
"Reports were at best given no credence," he said. "At worst there was something darker going on to suppress the truth."
Survivor remembers 'atrocities'
Physical, emotional and sexual abuse of St. Joseph's students was also documented by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.
It is estimated that more than 150,000 children attended residential schools in Canada from the 1830s until the last school closed in 1997.
The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (NCTR) estimates about 4,100 children died at the schools, based on death records, but has said the true total is likely much higher. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission said large numbers of Indigenous children who were forcibly sent to residential schools never returned home.
[Wikipedia]
Canadian Indian residential school system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system
The Canadian Indian residential school system[a] was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples.[b]
The network was funded by the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs and administered by various Christian churches.
The school system was created as a civilizing mission to isolate Indigenous children from the influence of their own culture and religion in order to assimilate them into the dominant Euro-Canadian culture.
The system began with laws before Confederation and was mainly active after the Indian Act was passed in 1876.
Attendance at these schools became compulsory in 1894, and many schools were located far from Indigenous communities, in part to limit cultural contact.
By the 1930s, about 30 percent of Indigenous children were attending residential schools.
The last federally-funded residential school closed in 1997, with schools operating across most provinces and territories.
Over the course of the system's more than 160-year history, around 150,000 children were placed in residential schools nationally.
The schools caused significant harm to Indigenous children by removing them from their families and cultures.
Cases of physical and sexual abuse are documented.
During their stay many students were forced to assimilate to Euro-Canadian culture, losing their Indigenous identities and struggling to fit into both their own communities as well as Canadian society.
This disruption has contributed to ongoing issues like post-traumatic stress and substance abuse in Indigenous communities.
Over 4,000 student deaths have been documented, with estimates that the full number is over 6,000.
The vast majority of these fatalities were caused by diseases such as tuberculosis.
[Singapore Management UniversitySingapore Management University]
[Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management UniversityInstitutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University]
9-2024
Commentary: No one wants an Asian NATO, except Japan’s new
PM IshibaPM Ishiba
https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5340&context=soss_research
Publication: CNA Online
Date: 3 September 2024
Headline: Commentary: No one wants an Asian NATO, except Japan’s new PM Ishiba
Commentary: No one wants an Asian NATO, except Japan’s new PM Ishiba
Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba is a proponent of a collective defence system in
Asia to counter China. Its appeal is not so clear for Southeast Asia,
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[google翻訳]
[9]
[Wikipedia]
パトリス・ルムンバ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba
パトリス・エメリー・ルムンバ[e]（本名：イサイエ・タスンブ・タウォサ、1925年7月2日 - 1961年1月17日）は、コンゴ民主共和国（当時はコンゴ共和国）の政治家であり独立運動の指導者であった。1960年5月の選挙後、同年6月から9月までコンゴ民主共和国（当時はコンゴ共和国）の初代首相を務めた。
ルムンバは1958年から1961年に暗殺されるまでコンゴ民族運動（MNC）の指導者であった。
思想的にはアフリカ民族主義者であり汎アフリカ主義者であった彼は、コンゴをベルギーの植民地から独立共和国へと変貌させる上で重要な役割を果たした。
独立と首相選出
1960年6月30日、独立記念日が祝われ、ベルギー国王ボードゥアンや外国報道関係者を含む多くの要人が出席した式典が行われた。
ボードゥアンの演説は、植民地支配下での発展を称賛し、大叔父であるベルギー国王レオポルド2世の「天才」に言及しつつ、コンゴ自由国統治時代に行われた残虐行為については言及を控えた。
国王はさらにこう続けた。「性急な改革で未来を危うくしてはならない。ベルギーが引き継いだ制度を、より良い対応ができると確信するまで変更してはならない。恐れることなく、私たちに相談してほしい。私たちは常にあなたの傍らにいて、助言を与える。」
演説の予定がなかったルムンバは、即興の演説を行い、コンゴの独立はベルギーの寛大な承認によるものではないことを聴衆に改めて思い起こさせた。
コンゴの独立は、今日、友好国であり、我々と対等な立場にあるベルギーとの合意によって宣言されたが、コンゴの名にふさわしい人間は、この独立が日々の闘争、熱烈で理想主義的な闘争によって勝ち取られたことを決して忘れることはできないだろう。我々はこの闘争、涙と炎と血の闘争を、心の底から誇りに思う。なぜなら、それは崇高で正義の闘争であり、我々に強制的に課せられた屈辱的な奴隷制に終止符を打つために不可欠だったからだ。
[Friends of the Congo]
最後の手紙
https://friendsofthecongo.org/last-letter/
親愛なる友よ
この言葉があなたに届くかどうか、いつ届くのか、そしてあなたがこれを読む頃には私がまだ生きているのかどうかも分からないまま、私はこうしてあなたに手紙を書いています。祖国の独立のために闘い続けてきた間、私と仲間たちが命を捧げてきたこの神聖な大義の最終的な勝利を、私は一瞬たりとも疑ったことはありません。しかし、私たちが祖国に望むもの、すなわち、尊厳ある生活、汚れなき尊厳、そして制約のない独立という権利を、ベルギーの植民地主義とその西側同盟国――国連の高官たちの中には、意図的か否かを問わず、直接的、間接的に支援している者たちがいる――は、決して望んでいませんでした。私たちが支援を求めたこの組織に、私たちは全幅の信頼を寄せていたのです。
彼らは私たちの同胞の一部を堕落させ、真実を歪曲し、私たちの敵を欺いてきました。彼らは、屈辱的で恥ずべき植民地主義に「ノー」と声を上げ、清らかな太陽の下で尊厳を取り戻すために、一人の人間として立ち上がるでしょう。
私たちは決して一人ではありません。アフリカ、アジア、そして世界のあらゆる地域から集まった自由で解放された人々は、常にコンゴの人々の側に立つでしょう。彼らは、この国から植民地支配者とその傭兵がいなくなる日が来るまで、希望の光を捨てることはないでしょう。私が残していく、そしておそらくもう二度と会うことのないであろう子供たちに、コンゴの未来は輝かしく、すべてのコンゴ人が独立と主権の再建という神聖な使命を果たすことを期待していると伝えてほしい。なぜなら、尊厳なくして自由はなく、正義なくして尊厳はなく、独立なくして自由な人間はいないからです。
いかなる残虐行為、虐待、拷問も、私に慈悲を乞うことを強いたことはありません。なぜなら、私は屈服し、神聖な原則を軽んじるよりも、頭を高く上げ、揺るぎない信仰を持ち、祖国の運命を深く確信して死ぬことを選ぶからです。歴史はいつか自らの真実を語るだろう。しかしそれは、ブリュッセル、パリ、ワシントン、あるいは国連が教える歴史ではなく、植民地主義とその傀儡政権から解放された国々が教える歴史となるだろう。アフリカは自らの歴史を紡ぎ、サハラ砂漠の北と南にまたがる、栄光と尊厳に満ちた歴史を刻むだろう。
親愛なる友よ、私のために涙を流さないでほしい。これほど多くの苦難を味わってきた私の祖国は、独立と自由を守る術を知っていると信じている。コンゴ万歳！アフリカ万歳！
パトリス・ルムンバ 1960年12月
[Wikipedia]
ベルギー領コンゴ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo
経済政策
第二次世界大戦
第二次世界大戦中、工業生産と農業生産は飛躍的に増加しました。
コンゴ民主共和国の住民は、例えば強制耕作政策の強化などを通じて、「戦争遂行」の矢面に立たされました。
マラヤが日本軍に陥落（1942年1月）した後、ベルギー領コンゴは連合国へのゴムの戦略的供給国となりました。
ベルギー領コンゴは、第二次世界大戦（および冷戦）中、特にシンコロブエ鉱山からのウランを米国に主要輸出する国の一つとなりました。
この植民地は、マンハッタン計画で使用されたウランを供給しました。これには、1945年に日本の広島と長崎に投下された原子爆弾にも使用されました。
[Wikipedia]
第二次世界大戦におけるベルギー領コンゴ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II
ベルギー領コンゴ（現在のコンゴ民主共和国）の第二次世界大戦への関与は、1940年5月のドイツによるベルギー侵攻に始まりました。
ベルギーは降伏しましたが、コンゴは連合国側の紛争に留まり、ベルギー亡命政府によって統治されました。
経済的には、コンゴは銅やゴムなどのイギリスとアメリカ合衆国に切実に必要とされる原材料を供給しました。この植民地で採掘されたウランは、最初の原子爆弾の製造に使用されました。
同時に、コンゴ産の工業用ダイヤモンドの大部分が、ベルギーの企業幹部の共謀によりナチス・ドイツに密輸されました。
コンゴはベルギー亡命政府への財政支援も行いました。
経済貢献
連合軍の支援
戦時中、コンゴに対する最大の経済的需要は原材料に関連したものであった。1938年から1944年の間に、需要の増加に対応するため、カタンガ高原鉱山組合（UMHK）の鉱山で雇用される労働者の数は2万5000人から4万9000人に増加した。[ 28 ]植民地政府は、コンゴの労働力の規模拡大を目的とした、最終的には成功を収めた政策を制定した。植民地の賃金労働者の数は1938年の48万人から1945年には80万人に増加した。[ 29 ]戦争遂行のための生産を増やすため、植民地当局はヨーロッパ人とアフリカ人の両方の労働者に求められる労働時間と速度を増加させた。これが植民地全体の労働不安の高まりにつながった。 [ 30 ] 1930年代に禁止されていた強制労働が需要に応えるために再導入され、1944年までにコンゴ農村部の人々の年間の強制労働日数の最大は120日に引き上げられた。[ 31 ]時には40％にも達することがあった重い戦時税の引き上げによっても白人住民の不満が高まった。[ 14 ] 1941年からは高税と価格統制が実施され、得られる利益の額が制限され、暴利をむさぼることが抑制された。[ 32 ]価格統制は連合国への輸出を促進したが、労働量の増加にもかかわらず収入が減ったコンゴの農民には悪影響を及ぼした。
コンゴ産の天然資源の大部分は他の連合国に輸出された。ベルギー政府によると、1942年までに植民地の銅とパーム油の全生産量がイギリスに輸出され、木材のほぼすべてが南アフリカに送られた。[ 33 ]アメリカ合衆国への輸出も、1940年初頭の60万ドルから1942年には270万ドルに増加した。
ウラン
ウラン235は戦前、コンゴ共和国カタンガ州シンコロブエでUMHKによって採掘され、ベルギーに輸出されていた。当初は医療産業でラジウム生産や陶磁器の着色に使用されていた。ヨーロッパの科学者らは後に、濃縮ウランがいわゆる原子爆弾の製造に使用できることを発見した。物理学者のレオ・シラードとアルバート・アインシュタインは、フランクリン・D・ルーズベルト米大統領にアインシュタイン＝シラード書簡を送り、ドイツの原子爆弾計画の可能性を警告するとともにコンゴがウランの主な産地であることを助言した。[ 38 ]廃止されたシンコロブエ鉱山から採掘されたウランは最終的に、連合国のマンハッタン計画中に原子爆弾開発に役立った。UMHKの所長エドガー・サンジェールは1940年にウラン備蓄の半分を秘密裏にニューヨークに発送した。 1942年9月、彼はコンゴのウラン鉱山をアメリカ陸軍に売却した。[ 39 ]サンジェール自身はニューヨークに移り、戦争の残りの期間、UMHKの運営を指揮した。[ 40 ]ルーズベルト政府は1942年に陸軍工兵隊の兵士をシンコロブエに派遣し、鉱山を修復し、地元の飛行場と港湾施設を改修して輸送網を改善した。[ 41 ] 1944年9月、ベルギー政府はイギリスおよびアメリカと協定を結び、コンゴのウランをこの2カ国にのみ固定価格で販売することとした。[ 42 ] その年、アメリカ政府は再開されたばかりの鉱山からさらに1,720ロングトン（1,750 t）のウラン鉱石を入手した。[ 43 ]鉱山の従業員のほとんどはコンゴ人で、不健康な環境で労働していた。[ 36 ]
ドイツのダイヤモンド密売
戦争中、植民地事業に関わっているベルギーの実業家の一部が密かにドイツを支援しているという噂が頻繁に流れた。[ 44 ]アメリカ当局は、ベルギー・コンゴの鉱山会社と協力して工業用ダイヤモンドを確保するのは困難だと感じた。[ 35 ]ベルギー政府によると、1942年までに植民地の工業用ダイヤモンドの全生産量は英国に出荷されていた。[ 33 ]実際には、多くの工業用ダイヤモンドがドイツの戦争活動に使用するためにナチスドイツに密輸された。コンゴのダイヤモンドのほとんどは、デビアス・ダイヤモンド・シンジケートのメンバーであったソシエテ・ジェネラル・ド・ベルギーの子会社、フォルミニエールによって採掘された。1940年、シンジケートはコンゴの年間ダイヤモンド生産量は1,090万カラットであると報告した。開戦直後、報告された生産量は急激に減少し、1942年までに公式生産量は500万カラットにまで落ち込んだ。これは、当初の生産量から戦前にドイツに輸出された量を差し引いたものとほぼ同程度であった。大量のダイヤモンドが植民地から密輸されていると考えたアメリカの諜報機関は、イギリスの諜報員に鉱山の警備体制を視察させた。視察団を監督する役人は、適切な警備体制が欠如しており、フォルミニエール社とソシエテ・ミニエール・デュ・ベセカ社の職員が視察中に「不穏な雰囲気」を醸成していたと結論付けた。[ 35 ]フォルミニエール社の取締役であるフィルマン・ファン・ブリーは、ドイツに同情的な姿勢を維持していると広く疑われていた。[ 35 ] [ 45 ]ドイツ政府はフォルミニエールとソシエテ・ジェネラルの指導者たちと秘密交渉を行い、1944年まで大量のダイヤモンドを購入することを許可する契約を締結した。1943年、ドイツはソシエテ・ジェネラルにダイヤモンドの代金として1050万ドルを支払った。アメリカとイギリスの諜報員は最終的に、コンゴからダイヤモンドを空路と海路でドイツ占領下のヨーロッパに持ち込む広範な密輸ネットワークを摘発した。[ 35 ]あるアメリカの報告によると、ベルギーの外交バッグが宝石の輸送に使われることもあった。[ 36 ]アメリカの違法取引を阻止するための提案は、イギリスの経済戦争省によって阻止された。 ソシエテ・ジェネラルのダイヤモンド委員会はデビアス・ダイヤモンド・シンジケートのメンバーによって支配されていました。終戦後、ベルギー政府はドイツに対し、ソシエテ・ジェネラルに57万6676カラットのダイヤモンドの代金として2500万ドルの支払いを要求しました。[ 35 ]
[CBC] 2022年1月25日
ブリティッシュコロンビア州
ブリティッシュコロンビア州寄宿学校跡地付近で93カ所の埋葬地が発見される
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/williams-lake-st-josephs-residential-school-1.6326467
セント・ジョセフ・ミッション寄宿学校跡地の調査、予備調査結果発表
警告：この記事には、一部の読者に不快な印象を与える可能性のある詳細が含まれています。
ブリティッシュコロンビア州にある旧寄宿学校跡地の周辺地域の一部を対象とした調査で、「人骨の埋葬の可能性がある」場所が93カ所確認されたと、近隣の先住民代表が発表しました。
ウィリアムズ・レイク・ファースト・ネーション（WLFN）の首長と評議会は火曜日、セント・ジョセフ・ミッション寄宿学校と近隣のオンワード牧場に関する調査の予備調査結果を発表しました。これは、調査対象地域として指定された470ヘクタールのうち14ヘクタールを対象としたものです。
WLFNのウィリー・セラーズ首長は、今回の調査結果が、寄宿学校制度がもたらした長引くトラウマについて、先住民にとって「新たな目覚め」となるものだと述べました。
セラーズ氏は、今回の発見によって「カナダ国民は寄宿学校の現実を認識せざるを得なくなった」と述べ、カナダ政府、教会、そしてカナダ王立騎馬警察（RCMP）が支援してきた組織的な虐待の真相究明に向けた取り組みに、かつてないほどの支持が集まったと述べた。
「真実が明らかになる前に和解はあり得ない」と、セラーズ氏は記者会見で述べた。
「人間行動の最も暗い側面」
WLFNのメンバーの多くは、1891年に開校し1981年まで運営されていたセント・ジョセフ学校に強制的に通わされた。当初は工業学校だったが、後に学校運営のために1964年に買収されたオンワード・ランチを含む規模に拡大した。
セラーズ氏によると、調査チームは、子供たちの失踪、殺人、組織的な拷問、レイプ、飢餓に関する話を聞いたという。板に縛り付けられ鞭打たれた子供たちや、司祭の父親を持つ新生児が学校の焼却炉に投げ込まれたという話もあった。
ハロルド・マッキンティー神父を含む教会指導者の一部は、後に生徒に対する性的犯罪で有罪判決を受けました。
セラーズ氏は、学校がまだ開校していた当時、子供たちが学校から姿を消したり、敷地内で死亡したりしたという報告があったものの、政府、教会当局、警察による記録の破棄や隠蔽によって、これらの情報は「意図的に隠蔽」されたと述べました。
「報告は、せいぜい信憑性がないと見なされた」とセラーズ氏は述べました。「最悪の場合、真実を隠蔽するために、より暗い何かが起こっていた」と付け加えました。
生存者は「残虐行為」を記憶しています
セント・ジョセフ校の生徒に対する身体的、精神的、性的虐待は、カナダの真実和解委員会によっても記録されています。
カナダでは、1830年代から1997年に最後の学校が閉校するまで、15万人以上の子供たちが寄宿学校に通っていたと推定されています。
国立真実和解センター（NCTR）は、死亡記録に基づいて、これらの学校で約4,100人の子供が死亡したと推定していますが、実際の死者数ははるかに多い可能性が高いと述べています。真実和解委員会は、強制的に寄宿学校に送られた多くの先住民の子供たちが、二度と故郷に戻らなかったと述べています。
[Wikipedia]
カナダ先住民寄宿学校制度
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system
カナダ先住民寄宿学校制度[a]は、先住民のための寄宿学校のネットワークでした。[b]
このネットワークは、カナダ政府の先住民省の資金援助を受け、様々なキリスト教会によって運営されていました。
この学校制度は、先住民の子供たちを彼ら自身の文化や宗教の影響から隔離し、支配的なヨーロッパ系カナダ文化に同化させるための文明化の使命として創設されました。
この制度は、連邦成立以前の法律に基づいて始まり、1876年にインディアン法が可決された後に主に機能しました。
これらの学校への就学は1894年に義務化され、多くの学校は先住民コミュニティから遠く離れた場所にありました。これは、文化的な接触を制限するためでもありました。
1930年代までに、先住民の子供の約30%が寄宿学校に通っていました。
連邦政府の資金援助を受けた最後の寄宿学校は1997年に閉鎖されましたが、その後もほとんどの州と準州で学校が運営されました。
この制度の160年以上の歴史の中で、全国で約15万人の子供たちが寄宿学校に収容されました。
これらの学校は、先住民の子供たちを家族や文化から引き離すことで、彼らに重大な害を与えました。
身体的および性的虐待の事例も記録されています。
滞在中、多くの生徒たちはヨーロッパ系カナダ人の文化への同化を余儀なくされ、先住民としてのアイデンティティを失い、自らのコミュニティとカナダ社会の両方に適応するのに苦労しました。
この混乱は、先住民コミュニティにおける心的外傷後ストレスや薬物乱用といった継続的な問題の一因となっています。
4,000人以上の生徒の死亡が記録されており、その総数は6,000人を超えると推定されています。
これらの死亡の大部分は、結核などの病気が原因でした。
[シンガポール経営大学]
[シンガポール経営大学の組織知識]
2024年9月
論評：日本の新首相、石破氏以外、誰もアジア版NATOを望んでいない
石破首相
https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5340&context=soss_research
掲載元：CNA Online
日付：2024年9月3日
見出し：論評：日本の新首相、石破氏以外、誰もアジア版NATOを望んでいない
論評：日本の新首相、石破氏以外、誰もアジア版NATOを望んでいない
石破茂首相は、中国に対抗するため、アジアにおける集団防衛体制の構築を提唱している。
東南アジアにとって、その魅力はそれほど明確ではない。
