ここでも西側先進国の傲慢さが見て取れる。
植民地にされた人たちは、欧米の価値観に心服したわけではない。
植民地にされた人たちは、欧米の法律下でも独立が合法であることを証明したのだ。
さもなければ、独立運動は、テロリストや犯罪者として警察に投獄されるからだ。
もちろん人権が最上位の存在だ。
しかし、人権を主張した西側は帝国主義で植民地を作り虐殺をした。
西側の人権は西側白人にしか適用されないので、西側の人権は人権ではなく選民思想だ。
ホー・チ・ミンもそう言っている。
「反ファシストで連合国に協力し、当初は国内にブルジョアジーを育成したのに、独立の約束を反故にされた。だから独立戦争を挑む」とホー・チ・ミンは言っている。
全ての元凶は西側先進国にある。
>>France sent few settlers to most colonies, with the notable exception of Algeria, where Europeans, though a minority, held political and economic dominance. The empire generated both collaboration and resistance, and many future anti-colonial leaders were educated in France, drawing on its republican ideals to challenge colonial rule.
Here, too, we can see the arrogance of Western developed countries.
The people of the colonized countries were not convinced by Western values.
The people of the colonized countries proved that independence was legal even under Western law.
Otherwise, independence movements would be imprisoned by the police as terrorists and criminals.
Nelson Mandela experienced it.
Of course, human rights are the highest priority.
However, the West, which advocated for human rights, was imperialist, created colonies and committed genocide.
Western human rights only apply to Western white people, so Western human rights are not human rights but a chosen people ideology.
Ho Chi Minh also said the same thing.
Ho Chi Minh said "We cooperated with the Allies as anti-fascists and initially nurtured the bourgeoisie domestically, but the promise of independence was broken. That is why we are waging a war of independence".
All the evil comes from Western developed countries.
>>France sent few settlers to most colonies, with the notable exception of Algeria, where Europeans, though a minority, held political and economic dominance. The empire generated both collaboration and resistance, and many future anti-colonial leaders were educated in France, drawing on its republican ideals to challenge colonial rule.
>>A central ideological foundation of French colonialism was the Mission civilisatrice, or "civilizing mission", which aimed to spread French language, institutions, and values.
Promoted by figures like Jules Ferry, who spoke of a "duty to civilize", this vision framed colonialism as a universalist and progressive project.
In practice, colonial subjects were governed under unequal legal systems and only rarely granted full citizenship, despite the universalist principles of the French Republic.
While the French empire sometimes provided greater access to citizenship or education than other colonial powers, efforts to extend republican institution, such as the possibility of naturalization for Algerian Muslims, largely failed, facing both internal divisions and widespread refusal by colonized populations to fully submit to the laws of the French Republic.
[Wikipedia]
French colonial empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire
The French colonial empire consisted of the overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.
A distinction is generally made between the "First French colonial empire", that existed until 1814, by which time most of it had been lost or sold, and the "Second French colonial empire", which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830.
On the eve of World War I, France's colonial empire was the second-largest in the world after the British Empire.
France began to establish colonies in the Americas, the Caribbean, and India in the 16th century but lost most of its possessions after its defeat in the Seven Years' War.
The North American possessions were lost to Britain and Spain, but Spain later returned Louisiana to France in 1800.
The territory was then sold to the United States in 1803.
France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850, concentrating chiefly in Africa as well as Indochina and the South Pacific.
As it developed, the new French empire took on roles of trade with the metropole, supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items.
Especially after the disastrous Franco-Prussian War, which saw Germany become the leading economic and military power of the continent of Europe, acquiring colonies and rebuilding an empire was seen as a way to restore French prestige in the world.
It was also to provide manpower during the world wars.
A central ideological foundation of French colonialism was the Mission civilisatrice, or "civilizing mission", which aimed to spread French language, institutions, and values.
Promoted by figures like Jules Ferry, who spoke of a "duty to civilize", this vision framed colonialism as a universalist and progressive project.
It was nonetheless contested, including by prominent politicians such as Georges Leygues, who rejected the policy of assimilation : "when faced with Muslim, Hindu, Annamite populations, all with a long history of brilliant civilizations, the policy of assimilation would be the most disastrous and absurd."
In practice, colonial subjects were governed under unequal legal systems and only rarely granted full citizenship, despite the universalist principles of the French Republic.
While the French empire sometimes provided greater access to citizenship or education than other colonial powers, efforts to extend republican institution, such as the possibility of naturalization for Algerian Muslims, largely failed, facing both internal divisions and widespread refusal by colonized populations to fully submit to the laws of the French Republic.
In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the colonies as a base from which they prepared to liberate France. Historian Tony Chafer argues that: "In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation, France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War."
However, after 1945, anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority.
Revolts in Indochina and Algeria proved costly and France lost both colonies.
After these conflicts, a relatively peaceful decolonization took place elsewhere after 1960.
The French Constitution of 27 October 1946 (Fourth French Republic) established the French Union, which endured until 1958.
Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic.
These now total altogether 119,394 km2 (46,098 sq. miles), with 2.8 million people in 2021.
Links between France and its former colonies persist through La francophonie, the CFA franc, and joint military operations such as Operation Serval.
France sent few settlers to most colonies, with the notable exception of Algeria, where Europeans, though a minority, held political and economic dominance. The empire generated both collaboration and resistance, and many future anti-colonial leaders were educated in France, drawing on its republican ideals to challenge colonial rule.
Second French colonial empire (post-1830)
In 1825 Charles X sent an expedition to Haïti, resulting in the Haiti indemnity controversy.
The beginnings of the second French colonial empire were laid in 1830 with the French invasion of Algeria, which was fully conquered by 1903. Historian Ben Kiernan estimates that 825,000 Algerians died during the conquest by 1875.
Africa
Morocco
Tunisia
French West Africa
French Equatorial Africa
Cameroon
Madagascar
Algeria
Summary of additional colonization in Africa
France also extended its influence in North Africa after 1870, establishing a protectorate in Tunisia in 1881 with the Bardo Treaty. Gradually, French control crystallised over much of North, West, and Central Africa by around the start of the 20th century (including the modern states of Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Benin, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the east African coastal enclave of Djibouti (Obock Territory), and the island of Madagascar.
The French made their last major colonial gains after World War I, when they gained mandates over the former territories of the Ottoman Empire that make up what is now Syria and Lebanon, as well as most of the former German colonies of Togo and Cameroon.
Pacific Islands
Asia
Middle East
Decolonization
The French colonial empire began to fall during the Second World War, when various parts were occupied by foreign powers (Japan in Indochina, Britain in Syria, Lebanon, and Madagascar, the United States and Britain in Morocco and Algeria, and Germany and Italy in Tunisia). However, control was gradually reestablished by Charles de Gaulle.
The French Union, included in the Constitution of 1946, nominally replaced the former colonial empire, but officials in Paris remained in full control.
The colonies were given local assemblies with only limited local power and budgets.
There emerged a group of elites, known as "evolués", who were natives of the overseas territories but lived in metropolitan France.
World War II
During World War II, allied Free France, often with British support, and Axis-aligned Vichy France struggled for control of the colonies, sometimes with outright military combat.
By 1943, all of the colonies, except for Indochina under Japanese control, had joined the Free French cause.
The overseas empire helped liberate France as 300,000 North African Arabs fought in the ranks of the Free French.
However Charles de Gaulle had no intention of liberating the colonies. He assembled the conference of colonial governors (excluding the nationalist leaders) in Brazzaville in January 1944 to announce plans for postwar Union that would replace the Empire.
The Brazzaville manifesto proclaimed:
the goals of the work of civilization undertaken by France in the colonies exclude all idea of autonomy, all possibility of development outside the French block of the Empire; the possible constitutional self-government in the colonies is to be dismissed.
The manifesto angered nationalists across the Empire, and set the stage for long-term wars in Indochina and Algeria that France would lose in humiliating fashion.
Conflict
France was immediately confronted with the beginnings of the decolonisation movement. In Algeria demonstrations in May 1945 were repressed with an estimated 6,000 to 45,000 Algerians killed.
Unrest in Haiphong, Indochina, in November 1946 was met by a warship bombarding the city.
Paul Ramadier's (SFIO) cabinet repressed the Malagasy Uprising in Madagascar in 1947.
The French blamed education. French officials estimated the number of Malagasy killed from a low of 11,000 to a French Army estimate of 89,000.
Also in Indochina, Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh, which was backed by the Soviet Union and China, declared Vietnam's independence, which started the First Indochina War.
The war dragged on until 1954, when the Viet Minh decisively defeated the French at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ in northern Vietnam, which was the last major battle between the French and the Vietnamese in the First Indochina War.
Following the Vietnamese victory at Điện Biên Phủ and the signing of the 1954 Geneva Accords, France agreed to withdraw its forces from all its colonies in French Indochina, while stipulating that Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel, with control of the north given to the Soviet-backed Viet Minh as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh, and the south becoming the State of Vietnam under former Nguyen-dynasty Emperor Bảo Đại, who abdicated following the 1945 August Revolution under pressure from Ho.
However, in 1955, the State of Vietnam's Prime Minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, toppled Bảo Đại in a fraud-ridden referendum and proclaimed himself president of the new Republic of Vietnam.
The refusal of Ngô Đình Diệm, the US-supported president of the first Republic of Vietnam [RVN], to allow elections in 1956 – as had been stipulated by the Geneva Conference – in fear of Ho Chi Minh's victory and subsequently a total communist takeover, eventually led to the Vietnam War.
In France's African colonies, the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon's insurrection, which started in 1955 and headed by Ruben Um Nyobé, was violently repressed over a two-year period, with perhaps as many as 100 people killed.
However, France formally relinquished its protectorate over Tunisia and Morocco and granted them independence in 1956.
French involvement in Algeria stretched back a century.
The movements of Ferhat Abbas and Messali Hadj had marked the period between the two world wars, but both sides radicalised after the Second World War. In 1945, the Sétif massacre was carried out by the French army.
The Algerian War started in 1954. Atrocities characterized both sides, and the number killed became highly controversial estimates that were made for propaganda purposes.
Algeria was a three-way conflict due to the large number of "pieds-noirs" (Europeans who had settled there in the 125 years of French rule).
The political crisis in France caused the collapse of the Fourth Republic, as Charles de Gaulle returned to power in 1958 and finally pulled the French soldiers and settlers out of Algeria by 1962.
The French Union was replaced in the Constitution of 1958 by the French Community.
Only Guinea refused by referendum to take part in the new organisation. However, the French Community ceased to operate before the end of the Algerian War.
Almost all of the other former African colonies achieved independence in 1960.
The French government refused to allow the populations of the former colonies the right they had in the new French Constitution of 1958, as French citizens with equal rights, to choose for their territories to become full départements of France.
The French government had ensured that a constitutional law (60-525) was passed which removed the need for a referendum in a territory to confirm a change in status towards independence or départementalisation, so the voters who had rejected independence in 1958 were not consulted about it in 1960.
There are still a few former colonies that chose to remain part of France, under the status of overseas départements or territories.
Critics of neocolonialism claimed that the Françafrique had replaced formal direct rule.
They argued that while de Gaulle was granting independence on one hand, he was maintaining French dominance through the operations of Jacques Foccart, his counsellor for African matters. Foccart supported in particular Biafra in the Nigerian Civil War during the late 1960s.
Robert Aldrich argues that with Algerian independence in 1962, it appeared that the Empire practically had come to an end, as the remaining colonies were quite small and lacked active nationalist movements. However, there was trouble in French Somaliland (Djibouti), which became independent in 1977.
There also were complications and delays in the New Hebrides Vanuatu, which was the last to gain independence in 1980. New Caledonia remains a special case under French suzerainty.
The Indian Ocean island of Mayotte voted in referendum in 1974 to retain its link with France and not become independent like the other three islands of the Comoro archipelago.
