IbrahimLumumbaOmar’s blog.I will be a Red Guards.

Omar Fanon. Patrice Lumumba. Chama Cha Mapinduzi. Japan must apologize and pay compensation payments for sex slaves during and before World War II. I am a Maoist and Leninets.日本は悪。米国は悪。西欧は悪。

米国孤立

The U.S. isolated


France, the U.K. and Italy were imperialists till around the 1960s, as we can see from events such as the Indochina War, the Suez Crisis, the fate of Patrice Lumumba and the independence of Indonesia and Malaysia.
France and Italy switched sides as France and Italy observed global trends. The Vietnam War had changed the world.
However, after that, from the late 1980s, reactionaries, such as Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher and Yasuhiro Nakasone, made a counteroffensive.
This had led to the current state of the world.
After all, all of Western developed countries are imperialists, colonialists and fascists.


[1-1]
First of all, during the "New Cold War" era of the 1980s, the relations between then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan and European countries of the West were bad.
This was because Ronald Reagan used Europe as a shield and unilaterally deployed a large number of nuclear weapons, such as neutron bombs, in Europe.

At that time, the French president was Francois Mitterrand of the Socialist Party, and the Communist Party was also part of the government.
France had withdrawn from NATO and maintained a pro-Soviet Union stance.

In short, Ronald Reagan and then-Premier of the U.K. Margaret Thatcher were hated all over the world, were outcasts everywhere and were isolated globally.
And then-Premier of Japan, Yasuhiro Nakasone, was on close terms with both Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher.


[1-2]
I have no intention to praise Italy.

But I think that the independence of the judiciary is like the 1985 Sigonella Crisis.


[2]
I searched in French and Italian, because American reports are lying. I cannot speak French nor Italian. I am using Google Translator.


[2-1]
[The 1985 Sigonella Crisis]
[In Italian search]
Q:Nella crisi di Sigonella del 1985
AI Overview
La crisi di Sigonella dell'ottobre 1985 fu un duro scontro diplomatico e militare tra l'Italia guidata dal Presidente del Consiglio Bettino Craxi e gli Stati Uniti del Presidente Ronald Reagan. L'evento, originato dal dirottamento della nave da crociera Achille Lauro, mise a dura prova i rapporti di alleanza fra i due Paesi e sancì una storica affermazione della sovranità nazionale italiana.

Il Contesto: Il Sequestro dell'Achille Lauro
Il 7 ottobre 1985, un commando del Fronte per la Liberazione della Palestina (FLP) sequestrò al largo delle coste egiziane la motonave Achille Lauro. Durante il sequestro venne brutalmente assassinato il cittadino statunitense Leon Klinghoffer. Dopo trattative e la liberazione degli ostaggi, fu concesso ai terroristi di fuggire verso Tunisi a bordo di un aereo di linea egiziano.

Il Faccia a Faccia sulla Pista
Il 10 ottobre 1985, i caccia F-14 della US Navy intercettarono il velivolo egiziano e lo costrinsero ad atterrare nella base aerea della NATO di Sigonella, in Sicilia. Sull'aereo viaggiavano anche i quattro dirottatori e Abu Abbas, leader palestinese mediatore della crisi.
  * I Carabinieri e gli avieri italiani circondarono immediatamente il velivolo egiziano per proteggerlo.
  * Pochi minuti dopo atterrarono senza autorizzazione due aerei da trasporto americani con a bordo le forze speciali della Delta Force, pronti a prelevare i terroristi con la forza.
  * Si venne a creare una situazione di stallo, in cui i militari statunitensi circondarono i soldati italiani, puntandosi le armi a vicenda.

La Decisione di Bettino Craxi
Il Presidente del Consiglio italiano, Bettino Craxi, rivendicò la giurisdizione e la sovranità territoriale italiana. Dopo un'accesa telefonata con Ronald Reagan, Craxi diede l'ordine tassativo alle forze armate di non far prelevare i palestinesi agli americani. I militari italiani mantennero le posizioni, costringendo i reparti speciali statunitensi a cedere.

I terroristi vennero presi in consegna dalle autorità italiane, mentre Abu Abbas venne fatto partire su un volo di linea per via del suo passaporto diplomatico. I quattro sequestratori furono poi condannati e scontarono la pena nelle carceri italiane. La gestione dell'episodio viene ricordata come una presa di posizione coraggiosa a difesa dell'autonomia e della sovranità dell'Italia.


[In Italian search]
[Google Translator (into English)]
The 1985 Sigonella Crisis
AI Overview
The Sigonella crisis of October 1985 was a fierce diplomatic and military confrontation between Italy—led by Prime Minister Bettino Craxi—and the United States under President Ronald Reagan. Triggered by the hijacking of the cruise ship *Achille Lauro*, the event severely strained the alliance between the two nations and marked a historic assertion of Italian national sovereignty.

The Context: The Hijacking of the *Achille Lauro*
On October 7, 1985, a commando unit from the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) seized the cruise ship *Achille Lauro* off the coast of Egypt. During the hijacking, US citizen Leon Klinghoffer was brutally murdered. Following negotiations and the release of the hostages, the terrorists were allowed to flee to Tunis aboard an Egyptian airliner.

The Standoff on the Tarmac
On October 10, 1985, US Navy F-14 fighter jets intercepted the Egyptian aircraft and forced it to land at the NATO airbase in Sigonella, Sicily. On board were the four hijackers and Abu Abbas, the Palestinian leader who had mediated the crisis. 
* Italian Carabinieri and air force personnel immediately surrounded the Egyptian aircraft to protect it. 
* Minutes later, two American transport planes carrying Delta Force special operations troops landed without authorization, ready to seize the terrorists by force. 
* A standoff ensued, with US military personnel surrounding the Italian soldiers and weapons pointed at one another.

Bettino Craxi's Decision
Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi asserted Italian jurisdiction and territorial sovereignty. After a heated phone call with Ronald Reagan, Craxi issued a strict order to the armed forces not to allow the Americans to take the Palestinians into custody. Italian military personnel held their ground, forcing the U.S. special forces to back down.

The terrorists were taken into custody by Italian authorities, while Abu Abbas was allowed to depart on a commercial flight due to his diplomatic passport. The four hijackers were subsequently convicted and served their sentences in Italian prisons. The handling of the incident is remembered as a courageous stand in defense of Italy's autonomy and sovereignty.


[2-2]
[In 1985 Sigonella crisis, the Italian judiciary initiated proceedings involving US forces.]
[In Italian search]
Q:Nel 1985, durante la crisi di Sigonella, la magistratura italiana avviò un procedimento contro le forze statunitensi.
AI Overview
La magistratura italiana avviò un procedimento che coinvolse indirettamente le forze statunitensi durante la Crisi di Sigonella del 1985. In seguito all'atterraggio del Boeing egiziano, la procura di Siracusa inviò il magistrato di turno Roberto Pennisi e dispose il fermo dei terroristi palestinesi responsabili del dirottamento della nave Achille Lauro.

La questione giudiziaria si intrecciò subito con la sovranità nazionale quando il governo dell'epoca, guidato da Bettino Craxi, rivendicò la giurisdizione italiana. Washington richiese invece l'estradizione immediata dei sequestratori. Lo scontro più aspro con le forze statunitensi riguardò la figura di Abu Abbas, ritenuto il mandante, per il quale inizialmente non sussistevano prove sufficienti secondo i magistrati italiani. Per evitare uno scontro a fuoco sulla pista, le autorità italiane garantirono ad Abbas un salvacondotto, mentre i quattro dirottatori vennero regolarmente presi in carico e processati in Italia.


[In Italian search]
[Google Translator (into English)]
Q:In 1985, during the Sigonella crisis, the Italian judiciary initiated proceedings involving US forces.
The Italian judiciary launched proceedings that indirectly involved US forces during the 1985 Sigonella crisis. Following the landing of the Egyptian Boeing, the Syracuse public prosecutor's office dispatched the duty magistrate, Roberto Pennisi, and ordered the detention of the Palestinian terrorists responsible for hijacking the *Achille Lauro* cruise ship.

The legal matter immediately became intertwined with issues of national sovereignty when the government of the time, led by Bettino Craxi, asserted Italian jurisdiction. Washington, conversely, demanded the immediate extradition of the hijackers. The fiercest clash with US forces centered on Abu Abbas—believed to be the mastermind behind the plot—against whom Italian magistrates initially found insufficient evidence. To avert a shootout on the runway, Italian authorities granted Abbas safe passage, while the four hijackers were duly taken into custody and tried in Italy.


[2-3-1]
1986 US bombing raids on Libya.
[In French search]
Q:La France, l'Espagne et l'Italie ont refusé de coopérer lors des bombardements américains en Libye en 1986.
Aperçu IA
C'est exact. Lors de l'opération El Dorado Canyon le 15 avril 1986, la France, l'Espagne et l'Italie ont refusé aux États-Unis l'utilisation de leurs bases et le survol de leur territoire.
Cette décision historique a profondément modifié le déroulement des frappes aériennes :

La France : Le président François Mitterrand a refusé les droits de survol pour ne pas cautionner une action unilatérale, forçant les bombardiers américains F-111 basés en Angleterre à un gigantesque détour de 2 100 kilomètres par l'océan Atlantique et le détroit de Gibraltar.

L'Espagne : Le gouvernement espagnol a également opposé un refus catégorique de survol de l'espace aérien national.

L'Italie : Le pays a refusé de servir de rampe de lancement pour l'opération. Le gouvernement italien a également été soupçonné d'avoir averti le colonel Kadhafi de l'imminence des frappes.

Isolés par leurs alliés européens (à l'exception notable du Royaume-Uni), les Américains durent multiplier les ravitaillements en vol pour mener à bien cette opération de représailles contre la Libye.


[In French search]
[Google Translator (into English)]
France, Spain, and Italy refused to cooperate during the 1986 US bombing raids on Libya.
AI Overview
That is correct. During Operation El Dorado Canyon on April 15, 1986, France, Spain, and Italy denied the United States permission to use their bases or fly over their territory.
This historic decision significantly altered the execution of the air strikes:

France: President François Mitterrand refused overflight rights so as not to endorse unilateral action, forcing US F-111 bombers based in England to make a massive 2,100-kilometer detour via the Atlantic Ocean and the Strait of Gibraltar.

Spain: The Spanish government also flatly refused to allow overflight of its national airspace.

Italy: The country refused to serve as a launchpad for the operation. The Italian government was also suspected of having warned Colonel Gaddafi that the strikes were imminent.

Isolated by their European allies (with the notable exception of the United Kingdom), the Americans had to carry out multiple mid-air refuelings to successfully execute this retaliatory operation against Libya.


[2-3-2]
1986 US bombing raids on Libya.
[In Italian search]
Q:Francia, Spagna e Italia si rifiutarono di collaborare ai bombardamenti statunitensi sulla Libia del 1986.
AI Overview
Sì, è vero. Durante l' Operazione El Dorado Canyon del 15 aprile 1986, i governi di Francia, Spagna e Italia negarono agli Stati Uniti sia l'autorizzazione a sorvolare i rispettivi territori sia l'utilizzo delle basi militari continentali.

La mancata concessione dello spazio aereo da parte dei Paesi dell'Europa occidentale impose una notevole complicazione logistica all'aeronautica statunitense. I bombardieri statunitensi F-111 decollati dal Regno Unito furono costretti a volare sull'Oceano Atlantico e a passare attraverso lo Stretto di Gibilterra. Questa deviazione aggiunse circa 2.100 km (1.300 miglia) alla rotta di andata, rendendo necessari numerosi rifornimenti in volo.

Vuoi sapere di più sulle motivazioni politiche del rifiuto o su come l' Italia gestì i delicati rapporti diplomatici con la Libia nei giorni precedenti all'attacco?


[In Italian search]
[Google Translator (into English)]
France, Spain, and Italy refused to cooperate with the 1986 US bombing raids on Libya.

Yes, that is correct. During Operation El Dorado Canyon on April 15, 1986, the governments of France, Spain, and Italy denied the United States both permission to fly over their respective territories and access to their mainland military bases.

The refusal by Western European nations to grant airspace access created significant logistical complications for the US Air Force. US F-111 bombers taking off from the United Kingdom were forced to fly over the Atlantic Ocean and pass through the Strait of Gibraltar. This detour added approximately 2,100 km (1,300 miles) to the outbound route, necessitating multiple in-flight refuelings.

Would you like to know more about the political reasons behind the refusal, or how Italy managed its delicate diplomatic relations with Libya in the days leading up to the attack?

 

 

 


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米国孤立


インドシナ戦争、スエズ危機第2次中東戦争、パトリス・ルムンバ、インドネシア独立、マレーシア独立などを見てもわかるように、フランスも英国もイタリアも、1960年頃までは帝国主義だった。
世界の動きを見て、フランスとイタリアは寝返った。ベトナム戦争が世界を変えたのだ。
しかし、その後、1980年代後半から、ロナルド・レーガン、マーガレット・サッチャー、ヤスヒロ・ナカソネなどの反動派が、巻き返した。
そして現状に至っている。
結局の所、全ての西側先進国は、帝国主義者で植民地主義者でファシスト。


[1-1]
そもそも、1980年代の新冷戦時代、ロナルド・レーガンと欧州の西側諸国は、仲が良くなかった。

ロナルド・レーガンが 欧州を盾にし、勝手に中性子爆弾などを欧州に大量配備したからだ。

当時フランスは、社会党のミッテランが大統領で、共産党も政権に参加していた。
当時のフランスは NATOから脱退し 親ソ連政権だ。

一言でいうと、
ロナルド・レーガンとマーガレット・サッチャーは 世界中から嫌われており、世界中の鼻つまみ者で、 世界中で孤立していた。
で その ロナルド・レーガン と マーガレット・サッチャー と 仲が良かったのが ナカソネ・ヤスヒロ。


[1-2]
イタリアを称賛する気は毛頭ないけど。

司法権の独立っていうのは、「1985年の シゴネッラ事件」のようなものだと思う。


[2]
フランス語とイタリア語で AI検索した結果
(I searched in French and Italian, because American reports are lying. I cannot speak French nor Italian. I am using Google Translator.)


[2-1]
[The 1985 Sigonella Crisis]
[In Italian search]
Q:Nella crisi di Sigonella del 1985
AI Overview
La crisi di Sigonella dell'ottobre 1985 fu un duro scontro diplomatico e militare tra l'Italia guidata dal Presidente del Consiglio Bettino Craxi e gli Stati Uniti del Presidente Ronald Reagan. L'evento, originato dal dirottamento della nave da crociera Achille Lauro, mise a dura prova i rapporti di alleanza fra i due Paesi e sancì una storica affermazione della sovranità nazionale italiana.

Il Contesto: Il Sequestro dell'Achille Lauro
Il 7 ottobre 1985, un commando del Fronte per la Liberazione della Palestina (FLP) sequestrò al largo delle coste egiziane la motonave Achille Lauro. Durante il sequestro venne brutalmente assassinato il cittadino statunitense Leon Klinghoffer. Dopo trattative e la liberazione degli ostaggi, fu concesso ai terroristi di fuggire verso Tunisi a bordo di un aereo di linea egiziano.

Il Faccia a Faccia sulla Pista
Il 10 ottobre 1985, i caccia F-14 della US Navy intercettarono il velivolo egiziano e lo costrinsero ad atterrare nella base aerea della NATO di Sigonella, in Sicilia. Sull'aereo viaggiavano anche i quattro dirottatori e Abu Abbas, leader palestinese mediatore della crisi.
  * I Carabinieri e gli avieri italiani circondarono immediatamente il velivolo egiziano per proteggerlo.
  * Pochi minuti dopo atterrarono senza autorizzazione due aerei da trasporto americani con a bordo le forze speciali della Delta Force, pronti a prelevare i terroristi con la forza.
  * Si venne a creare una situazione di stallo, in cui i militari statunitensi circondarono i soldati italiani, puntandosi le armi a vicenda.

La Decisione di Bettino Craxi
Il Presidente del Consiglio italiano, Bettino Craxi, rivendicò la giurisdizione e la sovranità territoriale italiana. Dopo un'accesa telefonata con Ronald Reagan, Craxi diede l'ordine tassativo alle forze armate di non far prelevare i palestinesi agli americani. I militari italiani mantennero le posizioni, costringendo i reparti speciali statunitensi a cedere.

I terroristi vennero presi in consegna dalle autorità italiane, mentre Abu Abbas venne fatto partire su un volo di linea per via del suo passaporto diplomatico. I quattro sequestratori furono poi condannati e scontarono la pena nelle carceri italiane. La gestione dell'episodio viene ricordata come una presa di posizione coraggiosa a difesa dell'autonomia e della sovranità dell'Italia.


[In Italian search]
[Google Translator (into English)]
The 1985 Sigonella Crisis
AI Overview
The Sigonella crisis of October 1985 was a fierce diplomatic and military confrontation between Italy—led by Prime Minister Bettino Craxi—and the United States under President Ronald Reagan. Triggered by the hijacking of the cruise ship *Achille Lauro*, the event severely strained the alliance between the two nations and marked a historic assertion of Italian national sovereignty.

The Context: The Hijacking of the *Achille Lauro*
On October 7, 1985, a commando unit from the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) seized the cruise ship *Achille Lauro* off the coast of Egypt. During the hijacking, US citizen Leon Klinghoffer was brutally murdered. Following negotiations and the release of the hostages, the terrorists were allowed to flee to Tunis aboard an Egyptian airliner.

The Standoff on the Tarmac
On October 10, 1985, US Navy F-14 fighter jets intercepted the Egyptian aircraft and forced it to land at the NATO airbase in Sigonella, Sicily. On board were the four hijackers and Abu Abbas, the Palestinian leader who had mediated the crisis. 
* Italian Carabinieri and air force personnel immediately surrounded the Egyptian aircraft to protect it. 
* Minutes later, two American transport planes carrying Delta Force special operations troops landed without authorization, ready to seize the terrorists by force. 
* A standoff ensued, with US military personnel surrounding the Italian soldiers and weapons pointed at one another.

Bettino Craxi's Decision
Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi asserted Italian jurisdiction and territorial sovereignty. After a heated phone call with Ronald Reagan, Craxi issued a strict order to the armed forces not to allow the Americans to take the Palestinians into custody. Italian military personnel held their ground, forcing the U.S. special forces to back down.

The terrorists were taken into custody by Italian authorities, while Abu Abbas was allowed to depart on a commercial flight due to his diplomatic passport. The four hijackers were subsequently convicted and served their sentences in Italian prisons. The handling of the incident is remembered as a courageous stand in defense of Italy's autonomy and sovereignty.


[In Italian search]
[Google翻訳]
Q:1985年シゴネラ事件
AI概要
1985年10月に発生したシゴネラ事件は、ベッティーノ・クラクシ首相率いるイタリアと、ロナルド・レーガン大統領率いるアメリカ合衆国との間で起きた、激しい外交的・軍事的衝突でした。クルーズ船アキレ・ラウロ号のハイジャック事件をきっかけに勃発したこの事件は、両国間の同盟関係に深刻な緊張をもたらし、イタリアの国家主権の歴史的な再確認となりました。

背景:アキレ・ラウロ号ハイジャック事件
1985年10月7日、パレスチナ解放戦線(PFL)の特殊部隊がエジプト沖でクルーズ船アキレ・ラウロ号をハイジャックしました。このハイジャック事件で、アメリカ市民のレオン・クリングホファー氏が残忍な方法で殺害されました。交渉の結果、人質は解放され、テロリストたちはエジプト航空機でチュニスへ逃亡しました。

滑走路での対峙
1985年10月10日、米海軍のF-14戦闘機がエジプト機を迎撃し、シチリア島シゴネラにあるNATO空軍基地に強制着陸させた。機内にはハイジャック犯4名と、パレスチナ自治政府指導者で危機仲介役を務めていたアブ・アッバス議長も搭乗していた。

* カラビニエリ(イタリア国家憲兵隊)とイタリア空軍兵士は直ちにエジプト機を包囲し、機体を保護した。

* 数分後、デルタフォース特殊部隊を乗せた米軍輸送機2機が許可なく着陸し、テロリストを強制的に排除する準備を整えた。

* 米兵がイタリア兵を包囲し、互いに銃を向け合う膠着状態となった。

ベッティーノ・クラクシ首相の決断
イタリアのベッティーノ・クラクシ首相は、イタリアの管轄権と領土主権を主張した。ロナルド・レーガンとの激しい電話会談の後、クラクシは軍に対し、アメリカ軍によるパレスチナ人排除を絶対に許さないよう厳命した。イタリア軍は陣地を死守し、アメリカ特殊部隊を降伏させた。

テロリストたちはイタリア当局に拘束されたが、アブ・アッバスは外交パスポートを所持していたため、定期便で移送された。誘拐犯4人は後に有罪判決を受け、イタリアの刑務所で服役した。この事件への対応は、イタリアの自治と主権を守るための勇敢な抵抗として記憶されている。


[2-2]
[In 1985 Sigonella crisis, the Italian judiciary initiated proceedings involving US forces.]
[In Italian search]
Q:Nel 1985, durante la crisi di Sigonella, la magistratura italiana avviò un procedimento contro le forze statunitensi.
AI Overview
La magistratura italiana avviò un procedimento che coinvolse indirettamente le forze statunitensi durante la Crisi di Sigonella del 1985. In seguito all'atterraggio del Boeing egiziano, la procura di Siracusa inviò il magistrato di turno Roberto Pennisi e dispose il fermo dei terroristi palestinesi responsabili del dirottamento della nave Achille Lauro.

La questione giudiziaria si intrecciò subito con la sovranità nazionale quando il governo dell'epoca, guidato da Bettino Craxi, rivendicò la giurisdizione italiana. Washington richiese invece l'estradizione immediata dei sequestratori. Lo scontro più aspro con le forze statunitensi riguardò la figura di Abu Abbas, ritenuto il mandante, per il quale inizialmente non sussistevano prove sufficienti secondo i magistrati italiani. Per evitare uno scontro a fuoco sulla pista, le autorità italiane garantirono ad Abbas un salvacondotto, mentre i quattro dirottatori vennero regolarmente presi in carico e processati in Italia.


[In Italian search]
[Google Translator (into English)]
Q:In 1985, during the Sigonella crisis, the Italian judiciary initiated proceedings involving US forces.
The Italian judiciary launched proceedings that indirectly involved US forces during the 1985 Sigonella crisis. Following the landing of the Egyptian Boeing, the Syracuse public prosecutor's office dispatched the duty magistrate, Roberto Pennisi, and ordered the detention of the Palestinian terrorists responsible for hijacking the *Achille Lauro* cruise ship.

The legal matter immediately became intertwined with issues of national sovereignty when the government of the time, led by Bettino Craxi, asserted Italian jurisdiction. Washington, conversely, demanded the immediate extradition of the hijackers. The fiercest clash with US forces centered on Abu Abbas—believed to be the mastermind behind the plot—against whom Italian magistrates initially found insufficient evidence. To avert a shootout on the runway, Italian authorities granted Abbas safe passage, while the four hijackers were duly taken into custody and tried in Italy.


[In Italian search]
[Google翻訳]
Q:1985年のシゴネラ事件において、イタリア司法当局は米軍に対する訴訟手続きを開始した。
AI概要
1985年のシゴネラ事件において、イタリア司法当局は間接的に米軍を巻き込む訴訟手続きを開始した。エジプト航空のボーイング機が着陸した後、シラクーサ検察庁は当直判事のロベルト・ペンニージを派遣し、アキレ・ラウロ号ハイジャック事件の犯人であるパレスチナ人テロリストの逮捕を命じた。

当時のベッティーノ・クラクシ首相率いるイタリア政府がイタリアの管轄権を主張したことで、この司法問題はたちまち国家主権問題へと発展した。一方、ワシントンはハイジャック犯の即時引き渡しを要求した。米軍との最も激しい対立は、首謀者と目されていたアブ・アッバスを巡るもので、イタリア検察は当初、彼に対する証拠不十分を主張した。滑走路での銃撃戦を避けるため、イタリア当局はアッバスに安全通行権を与え、残りの4人のハイジャック犯はイタリアで正式に逮捕され、裁判にかけられた。

 

[2-3-1]
1986 US bombing raids on Libya.
[In French search]
Q:La France, l'Espagne et l'Italie ont refusé de coopérer lors des bombardements américains en Libye en 1986.
Aperçu IA
C'est exact. Lors de l'opération El Dorado Canyon le 15 avril 1986, la France, l'Espagne et l'Italie ont refusé aux États-Unis l'utilisation de leurs bases et le survol de leur territoire.
Cette décision historique a profondément modifié le déroulement des frappes aériennes :

La France : Le président François Mitterrand a refusé les droits de survol pour ne pas cautionner une action unilatérale, forçant les bombardiers américains F-111 basés en Angleterre à un gigantesque détour de 2 100 kilomètres par l'océan Atlantique et le détroit de Gibraltar.

L'Espagne : Le gouvernement espagnol a également opposé un refus catégorique de survol de l'espace aérien national.

L'Italie : Le pays a refusé de servir de rampe de lancement pour l'opération. Le gouvernement italien a également été soupçonné d'avoir averti le colonel Kadhafi de l'imminence des frappes.

Isolés par leurs alliés européens (à l'exception notable du Royaume-Uni), les Américains durent multiplier les ravitaillements en vol pour mener à bien cette opération de représailles contre la Libye.


[In French search]
[Google Translator (into English)]
France, Spain, and Italy refused to cooperate during the 1986 US bombing raids on Libya.
AI Overview
That is correct. During Operation El Dorado Canyon on April 15, 1986, France, Spain, and Italy denied the United States permission to use their bases or fly over their territory.
This historic decision significantly altered the execution of the air strikes:

France: President François Mitterrand refused overflight rights so as not to endorse unilateral action, forcing US F-111 bombers based in England to make a massive 2,100-kilometer detour via the Atlantic Ocean and the Strait of Gibraltar.

Spain: The Spanish government also flatly refused to allow overflight of its national airspace.

Italy: The country refused to serve as a launchpad for the operation. The Italian government was also suspected of having warned Colonel Gaddafi that the strikes were imminent.

Isolated by their European allies (with the notable exception of the United Kingdom), the Americans had to carry out multiple mid-air refuelings to successfully execute this retaliatory operation against Libya.


[In French search]
[Google翻訳]
フランス、スペイン、イタリアは、1986年のリビア爆撃作戦において協力を拒否しました。
AI概要
その通りです。1986年4月15日のエルドラド・キャニオン作戦において、フランス、スペイン、イタリアは、米国による基地使用と領空通過を拒否しました。
この歴史的な決定は、空爆の展開を大きく変えました。

フランス:フランソワ・ミッテラン大統領は、一方的な行動を容認することを避けるため、領空通過権を拒否しました。これにより、イギリスに駐留していた米国のF-111爆撃機は、大西洋とジブラルタル海峡を経由する2,100キロメートルもの長距離迂回を余儀なくされました。

スペイン:スペイン政府もまた、領空通過権を断固として拒否しました。

イタリア:イタリアは作戦の拠点となることを拒否しました。イタリア政府は、カダフィ大佐に迫りくる空爆を事前に警告していた疑いも持たれています。

(イギリスを除く)ヨーロッパの同盟国から孤立したアメリカ軍は、リビアに対するこの報復作戦を実行するために、空中給油の取り組みを強化せざるを得なかった。


[2-3-2]
1986 US bombing raids on Libya.
[In Italian search]
Q:Francia, Spagna e Italia si rifiutarono di collaborare ai bombardamenti statunitensi sulla Libia del 1986.
AI Overview
Sì, è vero. Durante l' Operazione El Dorado Canyon del 15 aprile 1986, i governi di Francia, Spagna e Italia negarono agli Stati Uniti sia l'autorizzazione a sorvolare i rispettivi territori sia l'utilizzo delle basi militari continentali.

La mancata concessione dello spazio aereo da parte dei Paesi dell'Europa occidentale impose una notevole complicazione logistica all'aeronautica statunitense. I bombardieri statunitensi F-111 decollati dal Regno Unito furono costretti a volare sull'Oceano Atlantico e a passare attraverso lo Stretto di Gibilterra. Questa deviazione aggiunse circa 2.100 km (1.300 miglia) alla rotta di andata, rendendo necessari numerosi rifornimenti in volo.

Vuoi sapere di più sulle motivazioni politiche del rifiuto o su come l' Italia gestì i delicati rapporti diplomatici con la Libia nei giorni precedenti all'attacco?


[In Italian search]
[Google Translator (into English)]
France, Spain, and Italy refused to cooperate with the 1986 US bombing raids on Libya.

Yes, that is correct. During Operation El Dorado Canyon on April 15, 1986, the governments of France, Spain, and Italy denied the United States both permission to fly over their respective territories and access to their mainland military bases.

The refusal by Western European nations to grant airspace access created significant logistical complications for the US Air Force. US F-111 bombers taking off from the United Kingdom were forced to fly over the Atlantic Ocean and pass through the Strait of Gibraltar. This detour added approximately 2,100 km (1,300 miles) to the outbound route, necessitating multiple in-flight refuelings.

Would you like to know more about the political reasons behind the refusal, or how Italy managed its delicate diplomatic relations with Libya in the days leading up to the attack?


[In Italian search]
[Google翻訳]
フランス、スペイン、イタリアは、1986年のアメリカによるリビア爆撃への協力を拒否しました。

これは事実です。1986年4月15日のエルドラド・キャニオン作戦中、フランス、スペイン、イタリアの各国政府は、アメリカ軍に対し、それぞれの領空通過と大陸内の軍事基地の使用を許可しませんでした。

西ヨーロッパ諸国が領空通過を拒否したことで、アメリカ空軍は重大な兵站上の困難に直面しました。イギリスから離陸したアメリカのF-111爆撃機は、大西洋上空を飛行し、ジブラルタル海峡を通過せざるを得ませんでした。この迂回により、往路は約2,100km(1,300マイル)延長され、飛行中に何度も給油が必要となりました。

この拒否の政治的動機や、イタリアが攻撃直前の数日間、リビアとのデリケートな外交関係をどのように処理したのかについて、もっと詳しく知りたいですか?

 

 

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日本語で AI検索した結果

 

[1]
Q:1980年代のリビア爆撃で、フランスとイタリアは米国への強力を拒否
AI による概要
1986年の米軍によるリビア爆撃時、フランスとスペインは米国軍用機の領空通過を拒否しました。そのため、英国から飛び立った米軍機は、大西洋とジブラルタル海峡を回る迂回路を飛びました。これにより飛行距離は 2,000 km 以上も長くなりました。イタリアは米国への直接協力や領空の提供を拒み、作戦への参加も見送りました。

【なぜ拒否したの?】
当時のカダフィ体制下のリビアは、地中海を挟んだヨーロッパのすぐ隣に位置しています。欧州諸国は貿易やエネルギーの面でリビアと深い関わりがありました。そのため、米国が主導する軍事攻撃に巻き込まれることで、自国の安全が脅かされたり中東との関係が悪化したりするリスクを避けたかったのです。

【何が起きたの?】
  * 攻撃作戦名: エルドラド・キャニオン作戦 (Operation El Dorado Canyon)
  * 目的: リビアのカダフィ政権によるテロへの報復
  * 参加国: 米国、英国
  * 非協力国: フランス、スペイン、イタリア


Q:1980年代のリビア爆撃で、フランスとイタリアは米国への協力を拒否
AI による概要
1986年にアメリカがリビアを爆撃した際、フランスは国内基地の提供と領空の通過を拒否しました。また、イタリアも基地の提供などを拒否しています。

イギリスにいた米軍機は、フランスとスペインの領空を通れなかったため、大西洋とジブラルタル海峡を回る長い迂回ルートを飛びました。そのため、飛行距離は2000キロメートル以上も長くなりました。

フランスが拒否した理由は、1980年代当時、国際政治においてアメリカと少し距離をおく外交方針をとっていたからです。さらに、アメリカ軍の作戦が最高指導者カダフィの暗殺を狙ったものであるという見方もあり、同盟国としての賛同が得られなかったためです。


Q:1980年代、イタリア検察は、米軍を提訴した
AI による概要
1980年代半ば、イタリア検察が米軍を直接提訴した有名な事例として、1985年の「シゴネッラ事件」が挙げられます。

事件の背景
  * 1985年10月、パレスチナ解放戦線(PLF)のテロリストがイタリアの豪華客船「アキレ・ラウロ号」を乗っ取り、米国人乗客を殺害する事件が発生しました。
  * テロリストたちを乗せたエジプト航空機を米軍機が強制的に迎撃し、シチリア島にあるNATO(北大西洋条約機構)のシゴネッラ米海軍航空基地へ着陸させました。

米軍との対立と法廷闘争
  * 着陸直後、米国の特殊部隊(デルタフォースなど)がテロリストの身柄を米国の司法下におこうと飛行機を取り囲みました。
  * しかし、イタリア側は「イタリアの船内で起きた事件であり、イタリア国内の管轄権にある」と強く主張しました。
  * イタリア軍(カラビニエリ)が米軍部隊を取り囲んで銃口を向け合う一触即発の事態(シゴネッラ危機)となり、両国間の重大な外交問題へと発展しました。
  * この対立は当時のベッティーノ・クラクシ首相とロナルド・レーガン大統領の電話会談により、米軍がイタリア側に身柄を引き渡すことで一旦落ち着きました。

この一連の緊迫した状況をめぐり、イタリアのシチリア島シラクサの地方検察当局は、イタリアの主権を侵したとして米軍兵士の行動に対する捜査(法的な調査・是非の検討)に着手しました。しかしながら、最終的には正式な起訴や裁判には至らず、当時の米国とイタリアの同盟関係を考慮して事態は終息に向かいました。

もし特定の人物や、この1980年代の別の事件(例:チェルミース・ロープウェイ事故は1998年)についてお探しの場合は、さらに詳細をお調べいたします。どの事件やキーワードについてもっと知りたいですか?