* Of course, prior notice is extremely important.
And it was France and the U.K. that neglected to give that prior notice, and it was France and the U.K. that tried to cover up.
First of all, the world had been colonized by Western powers till around the 1960s.
In such an era, no Western country gave prior notice.
To whom did they give prior notice?
To autonomous governments?
(I have no intention to insult colonized countries. I am accusing the West).
I have never been able to understand how Japanese people's brains work.
* France tested its nuclear weapons in Algeria 17 times and in French Polynesia 193 times from 1960 to 1996.
* Still, there are many victims of nuclear bombing tests, and cancer victims in French Polynesia.
* In 1965, three years before Mauritius became independent, the UK split off the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritian territory, and also split off the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches from the Seychelles, to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
The local population was forcibly expelled and the largest island, Diego Garcia, was leased to the United States.
The UK has restricted access to the Chagos Archipelago, barring entry to casual tourists, the media, and former inhabitants.
In October 2024, the British government announced it would transfer the Chagos Islands to Mauritius subject to finalisation of a treaty.
The transfer agreement was signed on 22 May 2025, with the provision that the island of Diego Garcia would be leased back to the UK for at least 99 years.
* Of course, prior notice is extremely important.
And it was the U.S. that neglected to give that prior notice, and it was the U.S. that tried to cover up.
The Marshall Islands colonized by Germany.
The Imperial Japan occupied and colonized the Marshall Islands in 1914.
The U.S. invaded the Marshall Islands in 1944.
Between 1946 and 1958, the United States conducted 67 nuclear tests in the Marshall Islands.
In 1990, the Marshall Islands finally got independence.
Many of the islanders and their descendants still live in exile, as the islands remain contaminated with high levels of radiation.
[1-1]
[BBC]10 March 2021
French nuclear tests contaminated 110,000 in Pacific, says study
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56340159
France concealed the true impact of its nuclear tests in the Pacific from the 1960s to the 1990s, a study has said.
Researchers used declassified French military documents, calculations and testimonies to reconstruct the impact of a number of the tests.
They estimated that around 110,000 people in French Polynesia were affected by the radioactive fallout.
The number represented "almost the entire" population at the time, the researchers found.
French Polynesia, a French territory made up of hundreds of islands and atolls including Tahiti, was the site of dozens of nuclear tests over 30 years.
Over the course of two years, researchers analysed around 2,000 documents released by the French military and recreated the impact of "the most contaminating" of France's nuclear tests carried out between 1966 and 1974.
The study was carried out in collaboration between French news website Disclose, researchers from Princeton University and British firm Interprt.
The 41st test took place over Mururoa Atoll on 17 July 1974, when the atomic cloud took a different trajectory than planned.
Some 42 hours after the test codenamed Centaur, "the inhabitants of Tahiti and the surrounding islands of the Windward group were subjected to significant amounts of ionising radiation", the report says.
The area was home to 110,000 people and Tahiti's main city, Papeete, alone had a population of 80,000.
According to the investigation, the resulting radiation from the French tests was between two and 10 times higher than estimates given by France's Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) in a 2006 report.
One reason, according to the findings, is that the CEA "did not always take into account the drinking of contaminated rainwater" when calculating the dose of radiation individuals were likely to have been exposed to.
Catherine Serda, who was a child at the time of the tests, told France Inter radio that eight members of her family contracted cancer.
"This is not normal. Why do we have so much cancer there?"
[1-2]
[Wikipedia]
List of nuclear weapons tests of France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_France
France executed nuclear weapons tests in the areas of Reggane and In Ekker in Algeria and the Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls in French Polynesia, from 13 February 1960 through 27 January 1996.
These totaled 210 tests with 210 device explosions, 50 in the atmosphere.
[1-3]
[Wikipedia]
France and weapons of mass destruction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
France is the only member of the European Union to possess independent (non-NATO) nuclear weapons.
Testing
There were 210 French nuclear tests from 1960 through 1996.
Seventeen of them were done in the Algerian Sahara between 1960 and 1966, starting in the middle of the Algerian War.
One-hundred ninety-three were carried out in French Polynesia.
A summary table of French nuclear testing by year can be read at this article: List of nuclear weapons tests of France.
Saharan experiments centres (1960–66)
Pacific experiments centre (1966–1996)
[1-4]
[Wikipedia]
Moruroa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moruroa
Moruroa (Mururoa, Mururura), also historically known as Aopuni, is an atoll which forms part of the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia in the southern Pacific Ocean.
France undertook nuclear weapon tests between 1966 and 1996 at Moruroa and Fangataufa, causing international protests, notably in 1974 and 1995.
The number of tests performed on Moruroa has been variously reported as 175 and 181.
[1-5]
[Wikipedia]
Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior
The sinking of Rainbow Warrior, codenamed Opération Satanique, was a bombing operation by the "action" branch of the French foreign intelligence services, the Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure (DGSE), carried out on 10 July 1985.
France initially denied responsibility, but two French agents were captured by New Zealand Police and charged with arson, conspiracy to commit arson, willful damage, and murder.
The scandal resulted in the resignation of the French Defence Minister Charles Hernu, while the two agents pleaded guilty to manslaughter and were sentenced to ten years in prison.
They spent a little over two years confined to the Polynesian island of Hao before being freed by the French government.
Several political figures, including then New Zealand Prime Minister David Lange, have referred to the bombing as an act of terrorism or state-sponsored terrorism.
[2-1]
[Wikipedia]
Mauritius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius
Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar.
Mauritius remained a primarily plantation-based colony of the United Kingdom until independence in 1968.
In 1965, three years before Mauritius became independent, the UK split off the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritian territory, and also split off the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches from the Seychelles, to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
The local population was forcibly expelled and the largest island, Diego Garcia, was leased to the United States.
The UK has restricted access to the Chagos Archipelago, barring entry to casual tourists, the media, and former inhabitants.
The sovereignty of the Chagos is disputed between Mauritius and the UK.
In February 2019, the International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion ordering the UK to return the Chagos Islands to Mauritius as rapidly as possible to complete the decolonisation of Mauritius.
[2-2]
[Wikipedia]
Chagos Archipelago
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago
The Chagos Archipelago (/ˈtʃɑːɡəs, -ɡoʊs/) or Chagos Islands (formerly the Bassas de Chagas, and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about 500 kilometres (310 mi) south of the Maldives archipelago.
In its north are the Salomon Islands, Nelson's Island and Peros Banhos; towards its south-west are the Three Brothers, Eagle, Egmont and Danger Island(s); southeast of these is Diego Garcia, by far the largest island.
The Chagos was home to the Chagossians, a Bourbonnais Creole-speaking people, until the United Kingdom expelled them from the archipelago between 1967 and 1973 to allow the United States to build a military base on Diego Garcia.
Since 1971, only the atoll of Diego Garcia has been inhabited, and only by military and civilian contracted personnel.
Since being expelled, Chagossians, like all others not permitted by the UK or US governments, have been prevented from entering the islands.
In 1965, while planning for Mauritian independence the UK constituted the Chagos as the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
Mauritius gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1968, and has since claimed the Chagos Archipelago as Mauritian territory.
In 2019, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a non-binding advisory opinion stating that the UK "...has an obligation to bring to an end its administration of the Chagos Archipelago as rapidly as possible, and that all Member States must co-operate with the United Nations to complete the decolonization of Mauritius".
In December of that year, the Sega tambour Chagos genre was recognized as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage from Mauritius.
In January 2021, the United Nations General Assembly approved a resolution proclaiming this.
In 2021, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea confirmed for its jurisdiction that the UK has "no sovereignty over the Chagos Islands" thus the islands should be handed back to Mauritius.
In August 2021, the Universal Postal Union banned British stamps from being used in BIOT, a move Mauritian Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth called a "big step in favour of the recognition of the sovereignty of Mauritius over the Chago".
[2-3]
[Wikipedia]
Diego Garcia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Garcia
Diego Garcia is an island of the British Indian Ocean Territory, a disputed overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
It is a militarised atoll just south of the equator in the central Indian Ocean, and the largest of the 60 small islands of the Chagos Archipelago.
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to find it and it was then settled by the French in the 1790s and transferred to British rule after the Napoleonic Wars.
It was one of the "Dependencies" of the British Colony of Mauritius until the Chagos Islands were detached for inclusion in the newly created British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) in 1965.
It is one of two critical US bomber bases in the Indo-Pacific region, along with Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, Pacific Ocean.
1 History
1.6 Arrival of the U.S. Navy
the Chagossians had to be removed from the island before the base could be constructed.
In 1968, the first tactics were implemented to decrease the population of Diego Garcia.
Those who left the island—either for vacation or medical purposes—were not allowed to return, and those who stayed could obtain only restricted food and medical supplies.
This tactic was in hope that those that stayed would leave "willingly".
One of the tactics used was that of killing Chagossian pets.
Following the fall of the Shah of Iran and the Iran Hostage Crisis in 1979–1980, the West became concerned with ensuring the flow of oil from the Persian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz, and the United States received permission for a $400-million expansion of the military facilities on Diego Garcia consisting of two parallel 12,000-foot-long (3,700 m) runways, expansive parking aprons for heavy bombers, 20 new anchorages in the lagoon, a deep-water pier, port facilities for the largest naval vessels in the American or British fleet, aircraft hangars, maintenance buildings and an air terminal, a 1,340,000 barrels (213,000 m3) fuel storage area, and billeting and messing facilities for thousands of sailors and support personnel.
4 Politics
4.5 WikiLeaks CableGate disclosures (2010)
Additionally, Diego Garcia was used as a storage section for US cluster bombs as a way of avoiding UK parliamentary oversight.
7 United States military activities
B-1B Lancer bombers on Diego Garcia in November 2001 during the Afghanistan bombing campaign
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-1_Bombers_on_Diego_Garcia.jpg
B-2 bomber take off, B-52 bombers on tarmac on Diego Garcia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Air_Force_030320-F-4338B-042_Busy_bombers.jpg
[2-4]
[Washington Post]January 2, 2007
Island Of Injustice
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/01/AR2007010100698.html
Forty years ago, on Dec. 30, 1966, at the U.S. Embassy in London, representatives of the U.S. and British governments met, as one participant later put it, "under the cover of darkness" to sign an "exchange of notes" giving the United States the right to create what was to become a major military base on Diego Garcia, an obscure British island in the middle of the Indian Ocean.
In doing so they made provision for "those administrative measures" necessary to forcibly deport the entire native population of the island and the surrounding Chagos Archipelago.
While Diego Garcia has gained some attention as a key launch pad for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, few know about the expulsion of nearly 2,000 people, called Chagossians, that was eventually carried out between 1968 and 1973 to create the base.
[2-5]
[GreenLeft]November 3, 2004
Pilger reveals: British-US conspiracy to steal a nation
https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/pilger-reveals-british-us-conspiracy-steal-nation
On October 7, British ITV showed a documentary by renowned journalist John Pilger that used recently released documents to show how the British government had conspired with the United States to expel the Chagos Islanders and turn their home into a US terror base.
Three forgotten, grainy films shot more than 40 years ago reveal the evidence of a crime committed by British governments against some of its most vulnerable citizens.
What they tell is a shocking, almost incredible story in which the British government of PM Tony Blair has played a major part.
In 2000, the High Court ruled their expulsion illegal.
However, the Blair government, although it did not appeal the decision, blocked them from going home by conjuring up a "feasibility study" to determine whether the islands could be resettled.
It found they were "sinking" — perhaps under the weight of the thousands of US servicemen, their bars, barbecues and bombers.sented "almost the entire" population at the time, the researchers found.
French Polynesia, a French territory made up of hundreds of islands and atolls including Tahiti, was the site of dozens of nuclear tests over 30 years.
Over the course of two years, researchers analysed around 2,000 documents released by the French military and recreated the impact of "the most contaminating" of France's nuclear tests carried out between 1966 and 1974.
The study was carried out in collaboration between French news website Disclose, researchers from Princeton University and British firm Interprt.
The 41st test took place over Mururoa Atoll on 17 July 1974, when the atomic cloud took a different trajectory than planned.
Some 42 hours after the test codenamed Centaur, "the inhabitants of Tahiti and the surrounding islands of the Windward group were subjected to significant amounts of ionising radiation", the report says.
The area was home to 110,000 people and Tahiti's main city, Papeete, alone had a population of 80,000.
According to the investigation, the resulting radiation from the French tests was between two and 10 times higher than estimates given by France's Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) in a 2006 report.
One reason, according to the findings, is that the CEA "did not always take into account the drinking of contaminated rainwater" when calculating the dose of radiation individuals were likely to have been exposed to.
Catherine Serda, who was a child at the time of the tests, told France Inter radio that eight members of her family contracted cancer.
"This is not normal. Why do we have so much cancer there?"
[3-1]
[Wikipedia]
Marshall Islands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands
The Marshall Islands,[a] officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands,[b] is an island country in Oceania.
The sovereign state lies west of the International Date Line and north of the equator in the Micronesia region of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean.
The Empire of Japan occupied the islands in the autumn of 1914 at the beginning of World War I.
After the war, the Marshalls and other former German Pacific colonies north of the equator became the Japanese South Seas Mandate.
The United States occupied the islands during World War II and administered them as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after the war.
Between 1946 and 1958, the United States conducted 67 nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll and Enewetak Atoll.
Full sovereignty or self-government was achieved in a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
The Marshall Islands has been a member of the Pacific Community (PC) since 1983 and a United Nations member state since 1991.
History
German protectorate
In 1875, the British and German governments conducted a series of secret negotiations to divide the Western Pacific into spheres of influence. The German sphere included the Marshall Islands.
Japanese mandate
The Imperial Japanese Navy invaded Enewetak on September 29, 1914, and Jaluit on September 30 at the beginning of World War I. An occupation force was stationed on Jaluit on October 3.
At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Germany's Pacific colonies north of the equator became the Japanese South Seas Mandate under the system of League of Nations mandates.
Germany ceded the Marshall Islands to Japan with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919.
After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the United States Pacific Fleet carried out the Marshalls–Gilberts raids, which struck Jaluit, Kwajalein, Maloelap, and Wotje on February 1, 1942.
The United States invaded the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign.
U.S. Trust Territory
In 1947, the United States entered into an agreement with the UN Security Council to administer much of Micronesia, including the Marshall Islands, as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
From 1946 to 1958, it served as the Pacific Proving Grounds for the United States and was the site of 67 nuclear tests on various atolls.
Operation Crossroads atomic bomb testing began in 1946 on Bikini Atoll after some of the residents were forcibly evacuated.
The world's first hydrogen bomb, codenamed "Mike", was tested at the Enewetak atoll in the Marshall Islands on November 1 (local date) in 1952, which produced significant fallout in the region.
Over the years just one of over 60 islands was cleaned by the U.S. government, and the inhabitants are still waiting for the 2 billion dollars in compensation assessed by the Nuclear Claims Tribunal.
Many of the islanders and their descendants still live in exile, as the islands remain contaminated with high levels of radiation.
A significant radar installation was constructed on Kwajalein atoll.
Independence
The islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States in 1986.
Trusteeship was ended under United Nations Security Council Resolution 683 of December 22, 1990.
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* もちろん事前通告は非常に重要である。
そして，その事前通告を怠ったのはフランスと英国だし、隠蔽をはかったのもフランスと英国である。
そもそも、1960年代辺りまで、世界は西側大国の植民地にされていた。
そうした時代に、西側諸国は、事前通告をすることなどなかった。
一体誰に、事前通告をしたというのだろうか？
自治政府に？
(私は、植民地にされた国々に失礼なことを言うつもりはありません。、私は西側を糾弾しています)。
日本人の脳みそがどうなっているのか、いつもいつも、私の頭では全く理解できない。
* フランスは、核実験を、1960年から1996年までに、アルジェリアで17回、フランス領ポリネシアで193回、行った。
* いまだに、フランス領ポリネシアには、核爆発実験の被害者が沢山おり、がん患者も沢山いる。
* モーリシャス独立の3年前にあたる1965年、英国は、チャゴス諸島をモーリシャスから分離し、また、アルダブラ環礁、ファーカー諸島、デロッシュ島をセーシェル諸島から分離し、「イギリス領インド洋地域, British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT)」を作った。
現地の住民は強制移住させられ、最大の島ディエゴガルシア島は米国にリースされた。
英国は、チャゴス諸島へのアクセスを制限しており、観光客、マスコミ、以前の住民の入島を禁じている。
2024年10月、英政府は、条約締結を条件に、チャゴス諸島をモーリシャスに譲渡すると発表した。
この譲渡協定は2025年5月22日に調印され、ディエゴ・ガルシア島は、少なくとも99年間英国にリースされることが規定された。
* もちろん事前通告は非常に重要である。
そして，その事前通告を怠ったのは米国だし、隠蔽をはかったのも米国である。
マーシャル諸島はドイツにより植民地にされた。
ニホンテイコクが1914年に、マーシャル諸島を占領し植民地にした。
米国が1944年にマーシャル諸島に進行した。
1946年から1958年までに、米国はマーシャル諸島で67回の核実験を行った。
1990年、マーシャル諸島はついに独立した。
マーシャル諸島は高濃度の放射性物質で汚染されたままなので、マーシャル諸島の元島民とその子孫は、未だに外国で避難生活を続けている。
[1-1]
[BBC]10 March 2021
フランスの核実験は、太平洋で11万人を汚染した。
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56340159
研究によると、フランスは1960年代から1990年代にかけて太平洋で行われたフランスの核実験の本当の影響を隠していたことが分かった。
研究者たちは、公開されたフランスの軍事機密文書。計算、証言を用い、いくつかの実験の影響を再構築した。
放射性降下物により影響をうけたフランス領ポリネシアの人々は約11万人に上ると推定された。
この11万人という数字は、当時の"ほぼ全ての人口"であることを研究者たちは発見した。
フランス領ポリネシアは、タヒチを含む数百の島と諸島からなるフランスの領土で、30年以上にわたり数十回の核実験の実験場となった場所である。
2年にわたり、研究者たちは、フランス軍により公開された約2000の文書を分析し、1966年から1974年の間に行われたフランスの核実験のうち"最も汚染が大きかった実験"の影響を再構築した。
この研究は、フランスのニュースサイトDisclose、プリンストン大学の研究者、英企業Interprtの共同研究により実施された。
第41回の核実験は1974年7月17日にムルロア環礁で行われたが、核の雲は計画と異なる軌道を描いた。
この核実験のコードネームはセントーだったが、この核実験が行われた42時間後、"タヒチとウィンドワード諸島の周りの島々の住民は、多量の電離放射線にさらされた"と報告書は述べている。
このエリアには11万人の人々が住んでおり、タヒチの中心都市パペーテだけでも8万人が住んでいた。
この調査によると、これらフランスの核実験により生じた放射線量は、「フランス原子力委員会Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)」が2006年に出した報告書により推定された量の2倍から10倍に上った。
調査結果によると、その理由の一つは、フランス原子力委員会は、人々が被ばくする放射線量を計算するときに、"汚染された雨水を飲むことを必ずしも考慮していなかった"ことである。
これら核実験の時には子供だったCatherine Serdaは、France Inter radio に、彼女の家族のうち8人ががんになった、と語った。
「これは普通ではない。私たちは、どうして、ここで、こんなに癌になるのか？」
[1-2]
[Wikipedia]
フランスの核実験一覧
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_France
フランスは、アルジェリアのReggane および In Ekkerの領域、および、フランス領ポリネシアのムルロア環礁およびファンガタウファ環礁で、1960年2月13日から1996年1月27日まで核実験を行った。
これらの核実験は210回行われ、そのうち210回が爆発装置が用いられ、50回は大気圏中で行われた。
[1-3]
[Wikipedia]
フランスの大量破壊兵器
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
フランスは、EUにおいて唯一の独立した(非NATOの)核兵器保有国である。
実験
1960年から1996年までにフランスは210回核実験をした。
そのうち17回は、アルジェリア独立戦争のさなかに始まり、アルジェリアのサハラで1960年から1966年の間に行われた。
193回はフランス領ポリネシアで行われた。
年ごとのフランス核実験の要約は次の文書：フランス核実験の一覧
サハラ実験センター (1960年–66年)
太平洋実験センター (1966年–1996年)
[1-4]
[Wikipedia]
ムルロアMoruroa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moruroa
Moruroa (Mururoa, Mururura), also historically known as Aopuni, is an atoll which forms part of the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia in the southern Pacific Ocean.
France undertook nuclear weapon tests between 1966 and 1996 at Moruroa and Fangataufa, causing international protests, notably in 1974 and 1995.
The number of tests performed on Moruroa has been variously reported as 175 and 181.
太平洋のフランス領土。
175回から181回の核実験がなされた。
[1-5]
[Wikipedia]
「虹の戦士号爆沈事件Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior」
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior
The sinking of Rainbow Warrior, codenamed Opération Satanique, was a bombing operation by the "action" branch of the French foreign intelligence services, the Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure (DGSE), carried out on 10 July 1985.
フランス対外情報部DGSEが1985年7月10日に「虹の戦士号Rainbow Warrior」を爆破沈没させた事件。
France initially denied responsibility, but two French agents were captured by New Zealand Police and charged with arson, conspiracy to commit arson, willful damage, and murder.
フランスは当初関与を否定したが、ニュージーランド警察に2名のフランス人工作員が逮捕され、殺人で起訴された。
The scandal resulted in the resignation of the French Defence Minister Charles Hernu, while the two agents pleaded guilty to manslaughter and were sentenced to ten years in prison.
They spent a little over two years confined to the Polynesian island of Hao before being freed by the French government.
Several political figures, including then New Zealand Prime Minister David Lange, have referred to the bombing as an act of terrorism or state-sponsored terrorism.
ニュージーランド首相David Langeは、「テロ行為で、国家によるテロだ」、と批判した。
[2-1]
[Wikipedia]
モーリシャス
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius
モーリシャス、公式にはモーリシャス共和国、は、マダガスカルの東出、アフリカ大陸の南東沖2000キロメートル(1200マイル)のインド洋に浮かぶ島国。
1968年に英国から独立するまで、モーリシャスは主にプランテーションを基盤にさせられている植民地だった。
モーリシャス独立の3年前にあたる1965年、英国は、チャゴス諸島をモーリシャスから分離し、また、アルダブラ環礁、ファーカー諸島、デロッシュ島をセーシェル諸島から分離し、「イギリス領インド洋地域, British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT)」を作った。
現地の住民は強制移住させられ、最大の島ディエゴガルシア島は米国にリースされた。
英国は、チャゴス諸島へのアクセスを制限しており、観光客、マスコミ、以前の住民の入島を禁じている。
チャゴス諸島の統治権は、モーリシャスと英国との間で争われている。
2019年2月、国際司法裁判所は「一刻も早くモーリシャスの脱植民地を達成するために、英国はチャゴス諸島をモーリシャスへ返還すべきだ」という助言的意見を出した。
[2-2]
[Wikipedia]
チャゴス諸島
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago
チャゴス諸島(Chagos Archipelago あるいは Chagos Islands)は、公式にはBassas de Chagasと呼ばれ、さらにその後 the Oil Islandsと呼ばれるようになったが、7つの環礁の60以上の島々からなる諸島で、モルディブの500キロメートル(310マイル)南のインド洋にある。
チャゴス諸島の北には、ソロモン諸島、Nelson's、Island、Peros Banhosがある；南西には、Three Brothers、Eagle, Egmont and Danger Islandがある；そしてこれらの島々の南東には、はるかに最も大きい島であるディエゴガルシア島、がある。
チャゴス諸島は、英国が「1967年から1973年の間にチャゴス人をチャゴス諸島から追い出し、米国がディエゴガルシア島に軍事基地を作ることを許可してしまう」まで、チャゴス人(バーボーネス-クレオール語をしゃべる人々)の故郷であった。
1971年以来ディエゴガルシア島の環礁のみに、軍と民間請負業者のみが居住している。
島から追放されて以降、英国及び米国から禁じられたその他の全ての人々と同様、チャゴス人たちは、島に入島することを禁じられている。
1965年、モーリシャス人が英国からの独立を計画しているとき、その一方で、英国はチャゴス諸島を「イギリス領インド洋地域, British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT)」とした。
モーリシャスは1968年に英国から独立し、それ以来、チャゴス諸島をモーリシャスの領土だと主張している。
2019年、「国際司法裁判所International Court of Justice (ICJ)」は、非拘束的勧告的意見として、「英国は、チャゴス諸島の統治を可能な限り早く終わらせるべきである。また、モーリシャスの脱植民地運動・独立運動を完成させるために、全ての国連加盟国は国連と協力すべきである」と述べた。
この年の12月、モーリシャスのクレオール人の民族音楽である「Sega tambour Chagos」が、ユネスコ無形文化財として認められた。
2021年1月、国連総会はモーリシャスの主張を認める決議を承認した。
2021年、「国際海洋法裁判所International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)」は、「英国は、チャゴス諸島に対し統治権を持たない。したがって、チャゴス諸島はモーリシャスに返還されるべきだ」と承認した。
2021年8月、「万国郵便連合Universal Postal Union」は、BIOTで英国の切手が使用されることを禁じた。モーリシャスの首相Pravind Jugnauthは、この動きを、「モーリシャスがチャゴス諸島を統治していることを認める大きな一歩だ」と評価した。
[2-3]
[Wikipedia]
ディエゴガルシア島
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Garcia
ディエゴガルシア島は、「イギリス領インド洋地域, British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT)」の島であり、現在領土問題で係争中の英国海外領土である。
インド洋の中心で、赤道のすぐ南にあり、軍事化された環礁で、チャゴス諸島の60ある島々のうちで最も大きい島である。
ポルトガル人が、ヨーロッパ人としては最初にディエゴガルシア島を発見し、1790年代にフランス人により入植された。ナポレオン戦争後に英国に譲渡された。
1965年にチャゴス諸島が、新たに作られた「イギリス領インド洋地域, British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT)」に編入されるために分離されるまで、英国植民地モーリシャスの保護領だった。
インド太平洋地域における重要な2つの米軍爆撃機基地のうちの一つである。もう一つは、太平洋のグアム島にあるアンダーソン空軍基地である。
1 歴史
1.6 米海軍の到着Arrival of the U.S. Navy
基地が建設される前に、チャゴス島の人々は強制移住させられることになった。
まず最初1968年、ディエゴガルシア島の人口を減らすための戦術が実行された。
島をひとたび離れた人たちは、---観光にせよ医療目的にせよ---、島へ戻ることが許されなかった。そして、島に残った人々は、限られた量の食料及び医薬品しか受けれなくなった。
この戦術は、島に残った人々が「喜んで自発的に」島を去るように、たくらんだものであった。
この時に用いられた戦術の一つに、チャゴスの人々が飼っていたペットを殺す、というものがあった。
1979年から1980年にかけ、イランのシャー王朝が倒れ、イラン人質事件が起きたのち、西側は、ペルシャ湾からホルムズ海峡を通った石油輸入ルートを心配するようになった。米国は、ディエゴガルシア島の軍事施設を4億ドルで拡張する許可を得た。この拡張には、1万2千フィート(3700メートル)の平行な滑走路2本、重爆撃機用の駐機場の拡張、環礁内に20の停泊地、大水深岸壁、米海軍あるいは英海軍の最大の軍艦のための港湾施設、飛行機の格納庫、管理棟及びエアターミナル、134万バレル(21万3000立方メートル)の燃料貯蔵エリア、何千人もの水兵や支援要員のための宿泊施設及び食事施設、が含まれる。
4 政治
4.5 「2010年アメリカ外交公電ウィキリークス流出事件,WikiLeaks CableGate disclosures (2010)」
ディエゴガルシアは、英国議会による監視を逃れるための、米国のクラスター爆弾の貯蔵施設の一つであった。
7 米軍事活動
アフガニスタン爆撃作戦中の2001年11月、ディエゴガルシア島のB-1Bランサー爆撃機
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-1_Bombers_on_Diego_Garcia.jpg
ディエゴガルシア島での、B-2爆撃機の離陸、駐機場のB-52爆撃機
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Air_Force_030320-F-4338B-042_Busy_bombers.jpg
[2-4]
[Washington Post]January 2, 2007
「不正義が行われた島Island Of Injustice」
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/01/AR2007010100698.html
40年前、12月30日、ロンドンの米大使館で米代議員と英政府、さらにその後もう一人、が面会し、「闇に紛れてunder the cover of darkness」、「ディエゴガルシア島は、領有権が英国かどうかあいまいな、インド洋の真ん中にある島である。が、米国に、ディエゴガルシアに主要な米軍基地を作ることとなる権利を与える」交換公文に調印した。
これにより、ディエゴガルシア島及びチャゴス諸島の先住民の方々全てを強制移住させるのに必要な「行政措置」のための準備をしたのだ。
ディエゴガルシア島はイラクでの戦争及びアフガニスタンでの戦争での主要な基地としてディエゴガルシア島はある程度注目を集めたものの、「この基地を作るために1968年から1973年にかけ強制移住させられた2000人のチャゴス人と呼ばれる人々」について知っている人はほとんどいない。
[2-5]
[GreenLeft]November 3, 2004
「英国と米国による、国を盗むための陰謀Pilger reveals: British-US conspiracy to steal a nation」
https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/pilger-reveals-british-us-conspiracy-steal-nation
10月7日、英国のテレビが著名なジャーナリストJohn Pilgerのドキュメンタリーを放送した。このJohn Pilgerのドキュメンタリーでは、最近公表された公文書を用いて、「どうやって、英政府が米国と共謀しチャゴス島の住民を追放しチャゴス島の住民の故郷を米国のテロ基地に作り変えたか」を説明している。
40年以上前に撮られた粒子の荒い忘れ去られた3つの写真が、「英国政府が、最も社会的に弱い自国市民である弱者に対し、犯罪を犯した」ことを証明している。
彼らが話すことは、ショッキングで、ほとんど信じられない話だ。英政府首相のトニーブレアが主要な役割を果たしたというのだ。
2000年に、最高裁判所は、チャゴス島住民の強制移住は違法だという判決を出した。
しかし、ブレア政権はこの判決に対し上告しなかった。そのかわりに、島への再定住が可能かどうかを決定する「実現可能性の研究」という言葉を突然持ち出して、島民の島への帰還を妨害した。
この研究では、「島は沈没しつつある」---恐らくは、「何千人もの米軍関係者、米軍関係者が通うバー、バーベキュー、爆撃機の重みのせい」だろうが---ことが発見されたのだ。
[3-1]
[Wikipedia]
マーシャル諸島
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands
The Marshall Islands,[a] officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands,[b] is an island country in Oceania.
The sovereign state lies west of the International Date Line and north of the equator in the Micronesia region of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean.
The Empire of Japan occupied the islands in the autumn of 1914 at the beginning of World War I.
After the war, the Marshalls and other former German Pacific colonies north of the equator became the Japanese South Seas Mandate.
The United States occupied the islands during World War II and administered them as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after the war.
Between 1946 and 1958, the United States conducted 67 nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll and Enewetak Atoll.
Full sovereignty or self-government was achieved in a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
The Marshall Islands has been a member of the Pacific Community (PC) since 1983 and a United Nations member state since 1991.
歴史
ドイツの保護領
In 1875, the British and German governments conducted a series of secret negotiations to divide the Western Pacific into spheres of influence. The German sphere included the Marshall Islands.
ニホンの信託統治領
The Imperial Japanese Navy invaded Enewetak on September 29, 1914, and Jaluit on September 30 at the beginning of World War I. An occupation force was stationed on Jaluit on October 3.
At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Germany's Pacific colonies north of the equator became the Japanese South Seas Mandate under the system of League of Nations mandates.
Germany ceded the Marshall Islands to Japan with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919.
After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the United States Pacific Fleet carried out the Marshalls–Gilberts raids, which struck Jaluit, Kwajalein, Maloelap, and Wotje on February 1, 1942.
The United States invaded the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign.
米国の信託統治領
In 1947, the United States entered into an agreement with the UN Security Council to administer much of Micronesia, including the Marshall Islands, as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
From 1946 to 1958, it served as the Pacific Proving Grounds for the United States and was the site of 67 nuclear tests on various atolls.
Operation Crossroads atomic bomb testing began in 1946 on Bikini Atoll after some of the residents were forcibly evacuated.
The world's first hydrogen bomb, codenamed "Mike", was tested at the Enewetak atoll in the Marshall Islands on November 1 (local date) in 1952, which produced significant fallout in the region.
Over the years just one of over 60 islands was cleaned by the U.S. government, and the inhabitants are still waiting for the 2 billion dollars in compensation assessed by the Nuclear Claims Tribunal.
Many of the islanders and their descendants still live in exile, as the islands remain contaminated with high levels of radiation.
A significant radar installation was constructed on Kwajalein atoll.
独立
The islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States in 1986.
Trusteeship was ended under United Nations Security Council Resolution 683 of December 22, 1990.
