https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%9B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8
五四運動は中国近代史における学生運動であった。 1919年5月4日、北京の学生たちはパリ講和会議の山東問題決議に抗議するデモを行い、当時の北洋政府に協定に署名しないよう促し、関係者の処罰を要求した。その理由は、中国が第一次世界大戦の戦勝国として「正義は力に勝つ」[6]という信念を持ち、膠東における敗戦国ドイツの権益を回復できると考えていたからである。しかし、参加国はこれらの権利と利益を日本に譲渡することを決定しました。中国人民の長年蓄積されてきた民族感情が爆発し、学生たちは「海外では主権のために戦い、国内では裏切り者を排除しよう」と叫んだ[7]。彼らは街頭に出て抗議し、抗議行動は趙家楼を焼き払い、張宗祥を殴打するまでにまでエスカレートした。五四運動の概念には、一般的に、5月4日以降に発生した一連の全国的なデモ、ストライキ、ボイコット、労働ストライキが含まれており、その中には企業界が参加した6月3日運動（曹汝霖、張宗尚、呂宗宇などの親日派高官の解任につながった）や、最終的に6月28日の中国代表団によるヴェルサイユ条約への署名拒否などが含まれる。[8]
外国の政治思想が流入し続けるにつれて、中国におけるマルクス主義の影響力は拡大していった。[27][28]中国共産党は1921年に設立され、五四運動の参加者の多くが共産党の指導者となった[29]。五四運動は中国近代史の流れに大きな影響を与えた。 1939年以来、国民党と共産党の両党は5月4日を青年の日と定めている。 1944年に政府はこの日を「文学芸術の日」と改称した。[30]
背景
五四運動は第一次世界大戦後の世界的な革命の波の中で起こり[41]、ロシアの十月革命の結果は世界中の労働者革命運動と民族解放運動に刺激を与えた[42][43]。 1919年3月、当時日本の植民地であった朝鮮で三・一運動が勃発した。同年3月2日、モスクワで第三インターナショナルが設立された。外国の思想や影響の影響を受けて、地元の伝統的な思想、文化、政治などは大きな変化を遂げてきました。五四運動以前にも多くの国で大衆運動や民族主義運動が勃発し、これらの出来事が運動のきっかけとなった。[44][45]
国際関係と国民思想の変化
参照：山東省問題
1895年の日清戦争終結以来、日本は中国における影響力を拡大してきた。下関条約により日本は台湾などの領土を獲得し、中国の属国であった朝鮮を独立させた。その後、日本は徐々に大韓帝国の内政を統制し、1910年に韓国を併合した。
1914年8月23日、大日本帝国は連合国に加わり、膠州湾を含む東アジアのドイツ植民地の占領を目指してドイツ帝国に宣戦布告した。 70日間以上の激戦を経て、ドイツの膠州湾租借地は11月7日に完全に占領された。1915年1月、日本は清国に対し21ヶ条要求を提示した。 5月9日、北洋政府は要求の大部分を受け入れた。この協定は、当初日本側が秘密にするよう求めていたが、マスコミによって知れ渡り、発表されたことで国民感情が刺激され、中国の知識人や大衆は日本と売国政府に対して強い不満を抱くようになった。これは国家的屈辱とみなされ、数々の反日活動の引き金にもなった。この感情はさらに発展し、五四運動においても役割を果たした。
戦後の民族自決運動
ソ連革命の影響を受けて、中国、朝鮮、台湾など各地で民族独立の問題が注目され、アジア各国の民族運動家同士が意見交換や支援を行うようになった。[72]
五四運動の二か月前、日本統治下の朝鮮で三一運動が勃発した。ソウルの塔洞公園で北朝鮮の独立運動家らが独立宣言書を読み上げたことをきっかけに、数万人規模の反日デモが起きた。三・一運動は瞬く間に朝鮮半島全土に広がった。数千件の反日デモや暴動に200万人以上が参加した。 [73][74] 三一運動は当時中国各界から注目を集め、当時の中国知識人の大多数から強い支持と賞賛を受け、五四運動の思想的原動力となった。[75][76][77]三・一運動は五四運動を加速させたと考えられており[75][78]、五四運動の行動規範となった[76][79]。
プレリュード
1919年1月18日、第一次世界大戦の戦勝国はフランスのパリで講和会議を開催した。
4月30日、会議は日本の立場を支持し、中国山東省におけるドイツの権利と権益を日本に譲渡することを決定した。[81]
5月1日、北京中国時報は中国代表団が報じた失敗の理由を掲載した。「今回の中国の主張が失敗した理由は、第一に、1917年2月から3月の間に、日本とイギリス、フランスが膠州とオーストラリアを日本に割譲することで秘密協定を結んだこと、第二に、1918年9月に我が国と日本政府が山東省に関する交換公文に『喜んで同意』したため、我が国を愛する者たちが何もすることが不可能になったことである。」[84]
Go shi undō wa Chūgoku kindai-shi ni oke
Remember the unequal treaty.
Remember "the May Fourth Movement" in 1919.
Remember the Twenty-One Demands.
[Wikipedia (in Chinese language)] (Translated into English by Googletranslator)
The Twenty-One Demands
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1
The Twenty-One Demands, known as the Twenty-One Demands to China by the Japanese government, was a treaty proposed by the Empire of Japan to the Beiyang Government of the Republic of China in 1915. The treaty required China to allow Japan to control the development of Shandong, southern Manchuria, and eastern Inner Mongolia, and that the central government must employ Japanese as advisers in political, financial, and military matters. The treaty caused dissatisfaction among a large number of Chinese people and became the main cause of the May Fourth Movement in 1919. China's mainstream media called it an unequal treaty at the time, a term that was later adopted by the governments of the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China. This led to the signing of the Sino-Japanese Treaty of 1914[explanation needed].
[Wikipedia (in Chinese language)] (Translated into English by Googletranslator)
The Twenty-One Demands
protest
When the news came out, the whole country was outraged. He Guanglie, a student at the Baoding Military Academy, Li Tongqiu, an inspector of the Capital Military and Political Law Enforcement Office,[5] as well as students and workers in Hunan Province committed suicide one after another.[6] On the day of signing the contract, Hunan student Peng Chao left a blood letter and jumped into the river in anger. On May 12, more than 200,000 people gathered at Beijing’s China Park (now Beijing’s Zhongshan Park) to raise more than 850,000 yuan for the “National Salvation Fund”[7]. Zhou Enlai, who was 17 years old at the time and studying at Nankai School in Tianjin, took to the streets to give speeches, calling on people to revitalize the economy and vow to avenge the national humiliation. The National Federation of Provincial Education Associations (also known as the National Education Federation) requires schools at all levels across the country to designate May 9th of each year as the National Humiliation Memorial Day, known as the "May 9th National Humiliation."
[Wikipedia (in Chinese language)] (Translated into English by Googletranslator)
The Twenty-One Demands
Terms
Related original documents in Wikisource: Twenty-one Articles
The Twenty-One Demands are divided into five items. The first item has four articles, which are requirements for Japan to take over the former German rights in Shandong Province and expand the rights of road construction, settlement and trade. The second has 7 articles, demanding the extension of Japan's rights and interests in the Kwantung Leased Territory, the South Manchuria Railway, the Anfeng and Jilin-Changzhi Railways for another 99 years, as well as the Japanese rights to mine, settle and trade in eastern Inner Mongolia and South Manchuria. Article 3 has two clauses, requiring Japan to monopolize the coal and iron industries in Hanyang, Daye and Pingxiang. The fourth requires China not to cede its coastal ports and islands to other countries. Article 5 has 7 articles, requiring the Chinese government to employ Japanese as military and financial advisers, and the number of Japanese advisers must be greater than the total number of advisers from other countries. The Chinese police are either jointly run by China and Japan or employ Japanese consultants. The military equipment needed by the Chinese army was supplied by the Sino-Japanese joint arms factories or purchased from Japan. The right to build railways in Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and other provinces was handed over to Japan. Recognize Japan's land ownership of hospitals, temples, and schools throughout China, and recognize Japan's "right to preach." All the terms of the Twenty-One Demands were not the final terms signed by the Beiyang Government. The final term signed was the Sino-Japanese Treaty of 1914.
[Wikipedia (in Chinese language)] (Translated into English by Googletranslator)
The Twenty-One Demands
Influence
The National Education Union designated May 9, the day the treaty was signed, as the "National Humiliation Day" to warn the people of the country not to Don't forget this day and to vow to avenge the national humiliation.
[Wikipedia (in Chinese language)] (Translated into English by Googletranslator)
Okuma Shigenobu
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9A%88%E9%87%8D%E4%BF%A1
Okuma Shigenobu (March 11, 1838 - January 10, 1922), whose childhood name was Hataro, was a Japanese samurai (Saga feudal lord), politician, and educator. From a great marquis. He has served as Councillor and Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs (3rd, 4th, 11th, 14th, and 29th), Minister of Agriculture and Commerce (13th), Prime Minister (8th and 17th), Minister of Home Affairs (30th and 32nd), and member of the House of Peers. He was the founder of Waseda University and served as its first president.
[Wikipedia (in Chinese language)] (Translated into English by Googletranslator)
Okuma Shigenobu
First resignation
After stepping down, Okuma prepared for the opening of the Diet 10 years later. In March 1882, he founded the Constitutional Reform Party with Ono Azusa, and recruited Ozaki Yukio, Inukai Tsuyoshi, Yano Fumio and others. In October, Ono Azusa, Takada Sanae and others advocated "academic independence", "utilization of knowledge" and "cultivation of model citizens", and opened the Tokyo Special School (now Waseda University) at Kitamon Gijuku in Waseda, which was located on the outskirts of Tokyo at that time. In 1884, he left the Reform Party along with Kono Toshikama and others.
[Wikipedia (in Chinese language)] (Translated into English by Googletranslator)
Okuma Shigenobu
Prime Minister again
Okuma returned to politics when the first constitutional protection movement arose. In 1914, the Yamamoto Gonbei cabinet fell due to the Siemens incident, and Okuma formed a cabinet again. On August 23, 1916, Japan declared war on Germany. In January of the following year, he and Foreign Minister Kato Takaaki jointly proposed the Twenty-One Demands to China.
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Remember the unequal treaty.
Remember "the May Fourth Movement" in 1919.
Remember the Twenty-One Demands.
[Wikipedia (in Chinese language)] (Translated into English by Googletranslator)
The Twenty-One Demands
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1
The Twenty-One Demands, known as the Twenty-One Demands to China by the Japanese government, was a treaty proposed by the Empire of Japan to the Beiyang Government of the Republic of China in 1915. The treaty required China to allow Japan to control the development of Shandong, southern Manchuria, and eastern Inner Mongolia, and that the central government must employ Japanese as advisers in political, financial, and military matters. The treaty caused dissatisfaction among a large number of Chinese people and became the main cause of the May Fourth Movement in 1919. China's mainstream media called it an unequal treaty at the time, a term that was later adopted by the governments of the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China. This led to the signing of the Sino-Japanese Treaty of 1914[explanation needed].
protest
When the news came out, the whole country was outraged. He Guanglie, a student at the Baoding Military Academy, Li Tongqiu, an inspector of the Capital Military and Political Law Enforcement Office,[5] as well as students and workers in Hunan Province committed suicide one after another.[6] On the day of signing the contract, Hunan student Peng Chao left a blood letter and jumped into the river in anger. On May 12, more than 200,000 people gathered at Beijing’s China Park (now Beijing’s Zhongshan Park) to raise more than 850,000 yuan for the “National Salvation Fund”[7]. Zhou Enlai, who was 17 years old at the time and studying at Nankai School in Tianjin, took to the streets to give speeches, calling on people to revitalize the economy and vow to avenge the national humiliation. The National Federation of Provincial Education Associations (also known as the National Education Federation) requires schools at all levels across the country to designate May 9th of each year as the National Humiliation Memorial Day, known as the "May 9th National Humiliation."
Terms
Related original documents in Wikisource: Twenty-one Articles
The Twenty-One Demands are divided into five items. The first item has four articles, which are requirements for Japan to take over the former German rights in Shandong Province and expand the rights of road construction, settlement and trade. The second has 7 articles, demanding the extension of Japan's rights and interests in the Kwantung Leased Territory, the South Manchuria Railway, the Anfeng and Jilin-Changzhi Railways for another 99 years, as well as the Japanese rights to mine, settle and trade in eastern Inner Mongolia and South Manchuria. Article 3 has two clauses, requiring Japan to monopolize the coal and iron industries in Hanyang, Daye and Pingxiang. The fourth requires China not to cede its coastal ports and islands to other countries. Article 5 has 7 articles, requiring the Chinese government to employ Japanese as military and financial advisers, and the number of Japanese advisers must be greater than the total number of advisers from other countries. The Chinese police are either jointly run by China and Japan or employ Japanese consultants. The military equipment needed by the Chinese army was supplied by the Sino-Japanese joint arms factories or purchased from Japan. The right to build railways in Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and other provinces was handed over to Japan. Recognize Japan's land ownership of hospitals, temples, and schools throughout China, and recognize Japan's "right to preach." All the terms of the Twenty-One Demands were not the final terms signed by the Beiyang Government. The final term signed was the Sino-Japanese Treaty of 1914.
Influence
The National Education Union designated May 9, the day the treaty was signed, as the "National Humiliation Day" to warn the people of the country not to Don't forget this day and to vow to avenge the national humiliation.
[Wikipedia (in Chinese language)] (Translated into English by Googletranslator)
Okuma Shigenobu
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9A%88%E9%87%8D%E4%BF%A1
Okuma Shigenobu (March 11, 1838 - January 10, 1922), whose childhood name was Hataro, was a Japanese samurai (Saga feudal lord), politician, and educator. From a great marquis. He has served as Councillor and Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs (3rd, 4th, 11th, 14th, and 29th), Minister of Agriculture and Commerce (13th), Prime Minister (8th and 17th), Minister of Home Affairs (30th and 32nd), and member of the House of Peers. He was the founder of Waseda University and served as its first president.
First resignation
After stepping down, Okuma prepared for the opening of the Diet 10 years later. In March 1882, he founded the Constitutional Reform Party with Ono Azusa, and recruited Ozaki Yukio, Inukai Tsuyoshi, Yano Fumio and others. In October, Ono Azusa, Takada Sanae and others advocated "academic independence", "utilization of knowledge" and "cultivation of model citizens", and opened the Tokyo Special School (now Waseda University) at Kitamon Gijuku in Waseda, which was located on the outskirts of Tokyo at that time. In 1884, he left the Reform Party along with Kono Toshikama and others.
Prime Minister again
Okuma returned to politics when the first constitutional protection movement arose. In 1914, the Yamamoto Gonbei cabinet fell due to the Siemens incident, and Okuma formed a cabinet again. On August 23, 1916, Japan declared war on Germany. In January of the following year, he and Foreign Minister Kato Takaaki jointly proposed the Twenty-One Demands to China.
＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊
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[Wikipedia (in Chinese language)]
二十一條
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1
二十一條，日本政府稱為對華二十一條要求（日語：対華21ヶ条要求），是大日本帝國1915年向中華民國北洋政府提出的條約，要求中方讓日本控制山東、滿洲南部、內蒙古東部的發展，中央政府在政治、財政和軍事方面須聘用日本人作顧問等。條約引起大量中國民眾不滿，成為了1919年五四運動爆發的主因。中國主流媒體當年稱之為不平等條約，此稱後來得到中華民國政府、中華人民共和國政府採納。導致了《中日民四條約》的簽訂[需要解釋]。
抗議
消息傳出，舉國震怒，保定軍官學校學生何光烈、京畿軍政執法處稽查員李統球[5]及湖南省內有學生、工人先後自殺[6]。簽約當天，湖南學生彭超留下血書，憤然投江。5月12日，二十多萬人到北京中國公園（今北京中山公園）集會，募集捐款「救國儲金」八十五萬餘元[7]。當時十七歲就讀天津南開學校的周恩來上街演講，號召人們振興經濟、誓雪國恥。全國省教育會聯合會（又名全國教育聯合會）要求全國各級學校以每年5月9日為國恥紀念日，稱為「五九國恥」。
條款
維基文庫中的相關原始文獻：二十一條
二十一條共分為五號，第一號有4條，是關於日本接收山東省內舊德國權利、並擴展築路權、定居權和通商權的要求。第二號有7條，要求將日本在關東州租借地、南滿鐵路、安奉和吉長鐵路的權益再展期99年，以及日本人在內蒙東部和南滿的開礦、定居、通商權利。第三號有2條，要求日本獨占漢陽、大冶、萍鄉的煤鐵事業。第四號要求中國不將沿海口岸和島嶼割讓他國。第五號有7條，要求中國政府聘用日人擔任軍事和財政顧問，且日本顧問需多於他國顧問的總數。中國警察由中日合辦或聘用日本顧問。中國軍隊所需的軍械器材由日華合辦的軍械廠供應，或向日本採購。湖南、湖北、浙江、江西、福建等省鐵路建造權利交與日本。承認日本在中國各地醫院、寺院、學校的土地所有權，並承認日本的「布教權」。二十一條所有條款並非北洋政府簽訂的最終條款，最後簽訂的是《中日民四條約》。
影響
全國教育聯合會將簽訂條約的5月9日定為「國恥日」，依此警勵國人毋忘此日，誓雪國恥。
[Wikipedia (in Chinese language)]
大隈重信
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9A%88%E9%87%8D%E4%BF%A1
大隈重信（日語：大隈 重信／おおくま しげのぶ Ōkuma Shigenobu，1838年3月11日—1922年1月10日），幼名八太郎，是日本武士（佐賀藩藩士）、政治家、教育家。從一位大勳位侯爵。曾任參議兼財務大臣、外務大臣（第3、4、11、14、29任）、農商務大臣（第13任）、內閣總理大臣（第8、17任）、內務大臣（第30、32任）、貴族院議員。為早稻田大學的創校者，並任該校第一任校長。
首次下野
下野後，大隈為10年後開啓的國會做準備，明治15年（1882年）3月與小野梓一道成立立憲改進黨，並延攬尾崎行雄、犬養毅、矢野文雄等人。10月，小野梓、高田早苗等人鼓吹「學問獨立」、「活用學問」、「造就模範國民」，在位於當時東京郊外的早稻田的北門義塾開設東京專門學校（今早稲田大學）。明治17年（1884年），同河野敏鎌等脫離改進黨。
再任首相
在第一次護憲運動興起之時，大隈重返政壇。大正3年（1914年），山本權兵衛內閣因西門子事件而倒臺，大隈再次組閣。大正5年（1916年）8月23日日本對德宣戰，翌年1月與外相加藤高明共同提出對華二十一條。
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リメンバー 不平等条約。
リメンバー 五四運動。
リメンバー 対華21カ条要求。
[Wikipedia]
対華21カ条要求
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BE%E8%8F%AF21%E3%82%AB%E6%9D%A1%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82
対華21カ条要求（たいか21かじょうようきゅう）は、第一次世界大戦中の1915年1月18日に日本が中国に対して行った満蒙における日本の権益問題や在華日本人の条約上の法益保護問題をめぐる21か条の要求と希望のこと[1]。対支21ヶ条要求、二十一か条の要求とも呼ばれる（中国語版では「二十一条」）。
経緯
日本政府は袁世凱大総統と直接交渉することで事態の打開に動いた。1914年12月3日、加藤高明外相は、駐華公使日置益に対華要求を訓令し、翌1915年（大正4年）1月18日、大隈重信内閣（加藤高明外務大臣）は袁世凱に5号21か条の要求を行った。主に次のような内容であった[10]。
[Wikipedia]
大隈重信
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9A%88%E9%87%8D%E4%BF%A1
大隈 重信（おおくま しげのぶ、1838年3月11日〈天保9年2月16日〉- 1922年〈大正11年〉1月10日）は、日本の政治家[1]・教育者。
略歴
対華21カ条要求などに関与した。また教育者としても活躍し、早稲田大学（1882年、東京専門学校として設立）の創設者であり、初代総長を勤めた[11]。
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