むしろ、ハーバードは、政府の忠実な犬。
(1) フルブライト・プログラムは、国際交換プログラムと奨学金制度
反共主義者が作ったのがFulbright Program。
1961年に、反共主義者ケネディによりパワーアップ。
Fulbright Programは、1946年に設立。
Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961は、1961年にケネディが作った。
第二次世界大戦後の冷戦下で、米国の影響力を西側に強める目的で作られた。
したがって、むしろ、ハーバードは、政府の忠実な犬。
(2) このプログラムは二国間ベースで運営されており、各国は米国政府と協定を締結する。
最初に協定に署名したのは1947年の中国、 1948年のビルマ、フィリピン、ギリシャ。
ミャンマー・ビルマは1948年まで英国の植民地。
ギリシャ、中国、フィリピンは内戦中。
(3) そんなに留学生が大事なら、ハーバードの教授が自身の給料を削って、留学生に寄付すればよい。
(4) 1990年代以降、米国にはバブルでカネがあったので、各大学も補助金に、たかった。
いま米国のバブルは崩壊しつつあり、米国には金がなくなる。
だから留学生への補助も減らそうとしている。
(5) ソ連が民族自決を唱えたので、ウイルソンも民族自決を唱えだした。
戦後、世界中で独立戦争が起きだしたので、米国は留学生制度を作り、各国の権力者を西側に引き留めようとした。
ロシア革命でレーニンは「平和についての布告」を発表し、民族自決を提唱。
それに対抗し、米大津亮ウィルソンは十四カ条の中に民族自決の原則を加えた。
(6) それらの結果が、米国の留学生制度。
私は、留学生に、反対も賛成もしていない。
[Google AI]
After graduating from Harvard, many students enter the workforce, with a significant number pursuing careers in finance, tech, and consulting.
[Wikipedia]
Fulbright Program
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program
The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is one of several United States cultural exchange programs with the goal of improving intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, and intercultural competence between the people of the United States and other countries through the mutual exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills.
The program was founded by United States Senator J. William Fulbright in 1946, and has been considered as one of the most prestigious scholarships in the United States.
History
The program operates on a bi-national basis; each country has entered into an agreement with the U.S. government.
The first countries to sign agreements were China in 1947 and Burma, the Philippines, and Greece in 1948.
In March 2024, the Russian government declared the Institute of International Education (IIE) and Cultural Vistas as "undesirable" in Russia.
This decision effectively ended the Fulbright Program, which had been established in the USSR during the 1973–74 academic year.
Program
The Fulbright Program exchanges scholars and students with numerous countries in bilateral partnerships managed by commissions for each country.
Student grants
Since the inaugural class in 1949, Harvard, Yale, Berkeley, Columbia, and Michigan have been the top producers of U.S. Student Program scholars.
Michigan has been the leading producer since 2005.
Top 10 producers Scholars (all-time) Scholars (since 2005)
Harvard University 1,450 410
Yale University 1,208 372
University of California, Berkeley 1,002 306
Columbia University 1,001 327
University of Michigan 939 450
Princeton University 896 299
Stanford University 809 289
[Wikipedia]
Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright%E2%80%93Hays_Act_of_1961
The Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 is officially known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (Pub. L. 87–256, 75 Stat. 527).
It was marshalled by United States Senator J. William Fulbright (D-AR) and passed by the 87th United States Congress on September 16, 1961, the same month the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and Peace Corps Act of 1961 were enacted.
The legislation was enacted into law by President John F. Kennedy on September 21, 1961.
[Wikipedia]
Foreign Assistance Act
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act
The Foreign Assistance Act (Pub. L. 87–195, 75 Stat. 424-2, enacted September 4, 1961, 22 U.S.C. § 2151 et seq.) is a United States law governing foreign aid policy.
It outlined the political and ideological principles of U.S. foreign aid, significantly overhauled and reorganized the structure of U.S. foreign assistance programs, legally distinguished military from nonmilitary aid, and, through executive order by President John F. Kennedy Jr., resulted in a new agency, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to administer nonmilitary economic assistance programs.
Following its enactment by Congress on September 4, 1961, President John F. Kennedy signed the Act into law on November 3, 1961, issuing Executive Order 10973 detailing the reorganization.
Synopsis
The Act also provides that no assistance is to be provided to any Communist country.
Under the authority of this Act on March 16, 2022, President Joe Biden authorized $800 million in new security assistance to Ukraine.
On December 14, 2023, Senator Bernie Sanders introduced a privileged resolution invoking Section 502(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act,[8] calling on the State Department to investigate Israeli crimes against humanity in its conduct of the war in Gaza.
The resolution would freeze U.S. military aid to Israel unless the State Department issues a report within 30 days.
The proposal was defeated, 72 to 11.
In March 2024, Sanders, along with seven other U.S. senators, warned President Biden that arming Israel was a violation of the Foreign Assistance Act, which bars the U.S. from arming countries that limit humanitarian aid.
Excess Defense Articles
Section § 2403 of Title 22 U.S. Code defines "Excess Defense Articles" (EDA).[13] The EDA Program is administered by the Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA). Excess defense articles are DoD and U.S. Coast Guard-owned articles no longer needed and declared excess by the U.S. Armed Forces. This excess equipment may be offered at reduced or no cost to eligible foreign recipients on an “as is, where is” basis in support of U.S. national security and foreign policy objectives.
Section 516(b)(1)(e) of the Foreign Assistance Act states that EDA transfers shall not adversely impact the U.S. national technology and industrial base, nor reduce the opportunities of U.S. industry to sell new or used equipment to the proposed recipient. In accordance with Executive Order 12163, as amended, the Director of DSCA makes the determination on the impact to industry.[14]
[Wikipedia]
Peace Corps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Corps
The Peace Corps is an independent agency and program of the United States government that trains and deploys volunteers to communities in partner countries around the world. It was established in March 1961 by an executive order (10924) of President John F. Kennedy and authorized by Congress the following September by the Peace Corps Act.[2]
History
1950–1959
In 1950, Walter Reuther, president of the United Auto Workers, proposed, in an article titled, "A Proposal for a Total Peace Offensive," that the United States establish a voluntary agency for young Americans to be sent around the world to fulfill humanitarian and development objectives.
In addition, following the end of World War II, various members of the United States Congress proposed bills to establish volunteer organizations in developing countries. In December 1951, Representative John F. Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) suggested to a group that "young college graduates would find a full life in bringing technical advice and assistance to the underprivileged and backward Middle East ... In that calling, these men would follow the constructive work done by the religious missionaries in these countries over the past 100 years."
1960–1969
On March 1, 1961, Kennedy signed Executive Order 10924 that officially started the Peace Corps. Concerned with the growing tide of revolutionary sentiment in the Third World, Kennedy saw the Peace Corps as a means of countering the stereotype of the "Ugly American" and "Yankee imperialism," especially in the emerging nations of post-colonial Africa and Asia.
The organization experienced controversy in its first year of operation. On October 13, 1961, a postcard from a volunteer named Margery Jane Michelmore in Nigeria to a friend in the U.S. described her situation in Nigeria as "squalor and absolutely primitive living conditions."[31][32] This postcard never made it out of the country.[32] The University of Ibadan College Students Union demanded deportation and accused the volunteers of being "America's international spies" and the project as "a scheme designed to foster neocolonialism."[33] Soon the international press picked up the story, leading several people in the U.S. administration to question the program.[34] Nigerian students protested the program, while the American volunteers sequestered themselves and eventually began a hunger strike.[32] After several days, the Nigerian students agreed to open a dialogue with the Americans.
Policies
2000–present
After the 2001 September 11 attacks, which alerted the U.S. to growing anti-U.S. sentiment in the Middle East, President George W. Bush pledged to double the size of the organization within five years as a part of the War on Terrorism.
[Marxists.org]
V. I. Lenin
The Socialist Revolution and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination
https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/jan/x01.htm
1. Imperialism, Socialism, and the Liberation of Oppressed Nations
Imperialism is the highest stage of development of capitalism.
Victorious socialism must achieve complete democracy and, consequently, not only bring about the complete equality of nations, but also give effect to the right of oppressed nations to self-determination, i.e., the right to free political secession.
[Wikipedia]
Decree on Peace
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree_on_Peace
The Decree on Peace, written by Vladimir Lenin, was passed by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on the 8 November [O.S. 26 October] 1917, following the October Revolution.
[Wikipedia]
Fourteen Points
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points
Wilson's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin's Decree on Peace of November 1917, immediately after the October Revolution in 1917.
Debates about the post-war world
In November 1917, the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin overthrew the Russian Provisional Government in Petrograd. The next day, Lenin issued the Decree On Peace which called for the immediate end to the war on the basis of a "just and democratic peace", which he defined as "a peace without annexations or indemnitees"; national self-determination in place of the traditional power politics; and the end of secret diplomacy.
＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊
＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊
＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊
＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊
＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊
むしろ、ハーバードは、政府の忠実な犬。
(1) フルブライト・プログラムは、国際交換プログラムと奨学金制度
反共主義者が作ったのがFulbright Program。
1961年に、反共主義者ケネディによりパワーアップ。
Fulbright Programは、1946年に設立。
Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961は、1961年にケネディが作った。
第二次世界大戦後の冷戦下で、米国の影響力を西側に強める目的で作られた。
したがって、むしろ、ハーバードは、政府の忠実な犬。
(2) このプログラムは二国間ベースで運営されており、各国は米国政府と協定を締結する。
最初に協定に署名したのは1947年の中国、 1948年のビルマ、フィリピン、ギリシャ。
ミャンマー・ビルマは1948年まで英国の植民地。
ギリシャ、中国、フィリピンは内戦中。
(3) そんなに留学生が大事なら、ハーバードの教授が自身の給料を削って、留学生に寄付すればよい。
(4) 1990年代以降、米国にはバブルでカネがあったので、各大学も補助金に、たかった。
いま米国のバブルは崩壊しつつあり、米国には金がなくなる。
だから留学生への補助も減らそうとしている。
(5) ソ連が民族自決を唱えたので、ウイルソンも民族自決を唱えだした。
戦後、世界中で独立戦争が起きだしたので、米国は留学生制度を作り、各国の権力者を西側に引き留めようとした。
ロシア革命でレーニンは「平和についての布告」を発表し、民族自決を提唱。
それに対抗し、米大津亮ウィルソンは十四カ条の中に民族自決の原則を加えた。
(6) それらの結果が、米国の留学生制度。
私は、留学生に、反対も賛成もしていない。
[Wikipedia]
Fulbright Program
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program
The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is one of several United States cultural exchange programs with the goal of improving intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, and intercultural competence between the people of the United States and other countries through the mutual exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills.
The program was founded by United States Senator J. William Fulbright in 1946, and has been considered as one of the most prestigious scholarships in the United States.
History
The program operates on a bi-national basis; each country has entered into an agreement with the U.S. government.
The first countries to sign agreements were China in 1947 and Burma, the Philippines, and Greece in 1948.
In March 2024, the Russian government declared the Institute of International Education (IIE) and Cultural Vistas as "undesirable" in Russia.
This decision effectively ended the Fulbright Program, which had been established in the USSR during the 1973–74 academic year.
Program
The Fulbright Program exchanges scholars and students with numerous countries in bilateral partnerships managed by commissions for each country.
Student grants
Since the inaugural class in 1949, Harvard, Yale, Berkeley, Columbia, and Michigan have been the top producers of U.S. Student Program scholars.
Michigan has been the leading producer since 2005.
Top 10 producers Scholars (all-time) Scholars (since 2005)
Harvard University 1,450 410
Yale University 1,208 372
University of California, Berkeley 1,002 306
Columbia University 1,001 327
University of Michigan 939 450
Princeton University 896 299
Stanford University 809 289
[Wikipedia]
Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright%E2%80%93Hays_Act_of_1961
The Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 is officially known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (Pub. L. 87–256, 75 Stat. 527).
It was marshalled by United States Senator J. William Fulbright (D-AR) and passed by the 87th United States Congress on September 16, 1961, the same month the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and Peace Corps Act of 1961 were enacted.
The legislation was enacted into law by President John F. Kennedy on September 21, 1961.
[Wikipedia]
Foreign Assistance Act
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act
The Foreign Assistance Act (Pub. L. 87–195, 75 Stat. 424-2, enacted September 4, 1961, 22 U.S.C. § 2151 et seq.) is a United States law governing foreign aid policy.
It outlined the political and ideological principles of U.S. foreign aid, significantly overhauled and reorganized the structure of U.S. foreign assistance programs, legally distinguished military from nonmilitary aid, and, through executive order by President John F. Kennedy Jr., resulted in a new agency, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to administer nonmilitary economic assistance programs.
Following its enactment by Congress on September 4, 1961, President John F. Kennedy signed the Act into law on November 3, 1961, issuing Executive Order 10973 detailing the reorganization.
Synopsis
The Act also provides that no assistance is to be provided to any Communist country.
Under the authority of this Act on March 16, 2022, President Joe Biden authorized $800 million in new security assistance to Ukraine.
On December 14, 2023, Senator Bernie Sanders introduced a privileged resolution invoking Section 502(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act,[8] calling on the State Department to investigate Israeli crimes against humanity in its conduct of the war in Gaza.
The resolution would freeze U.S. military aid to Israel unless the State Department issues a report within 30 days.
The proposal was defeated, 72 to 11.
In March 2024, Sanders, along with seven other U.S. senators, warned President Biden that arming Israel was a violation of the Foreign Assistance Act, which bars the U.S. from arming countries that limit humanitarian aid.
Excess Defense Articles
Section § 2403 of Title 22 U.S. Code defines "Excess Defense Articles" (EDA).[13] The EDA Program is administered by the Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA). Excess defense articles are DoD and U.S. Coast Guard-owned articles no longer needed and declared excess by the U.S. Armed Forces. This excess equipment may be offered at reduced or no cost to eligible foreign recipients on an “as is, where is” basis in support of U.S. national security and foreign policy objectives.
Section 516(b)(1)(e) of the Foreign Assistance Act states that EDA transfers shall not adversely impact the U.S. national technology and industrial base, nor reduce the opportunities of U.S. industry to sell new or used equipment to the proposed recipient. In accordance with Executive Order 12163, as amended, the Director of DSCA makes the determination on the impact to industry.[14]
[Wikipedia]
Peace Corps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Corps
The Peace Corps is an independent agency and program of the United States government that trains and deploys volunteers to communities in partner countries around the world. It was established in March 1961 by an executive order (10924) of President John F. Kennedy and authorized by Congress the following September by the Peace Corps Act.[2]
History
1950–1959
In 1950, Walter Reuther, president of the United Auto Workers, proposed, in an article titled, "A Proposal for a Total Peace Offensive," that the United States establish a voluntary agency for young Americans to be sent around the world to fulfill humanitarian and development objectives.
In addition, following the end of World War II, various members of the United States Congress proposed bills to establish volunteer organizations in developing countries. In December 1951, Representative John F. Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) suggested to a group that "young college graduates would find a full life in bringing technical advice and assistance to the underprivileged and backward Middle East ... In that calling, these men would follow the constructive work done by the religious missionaries in these countries over the past 100 years."
1960–1969
On March 1, 1961, Kennedy signed Executive Order 10924 that officially started the Peace Corps. Concerned with the growing tide of revolutionary sentiment in the Third World, Kennedy saw the Peace Corps as a means of countering the stereotype of the "Ugly American" and "Yankee imperialism," especially in the emerging nations of post-colonial Africa and Asia.
The organization experienced controversy in its first year of operation. On October 13, 1961, a postcard from a volunteer named Margery Jane Michelmore in Nigeria to a friend in the U.S. described her situation in Nigeria as "squalor and absolutely primitive living conditions."[31][32] This postcard never made it out of the country.[32] The University of Ibadan College Students Union demanded deportation and accused the volunteers of being "America's international spies" and the project as "a scheme designed to foster neocolonialism."[33] Soon the international press picked up the story, leading several people in the U.S. administration to question the program.[34] Nigerian students protested the program, while the American volunteers sequestered themselves and eventually began a hunger strike.[32] After several days, the Nigerian students agreed to open a dialogue with the Americans.
Policies
2000–present
After the 2001 September 11 attacks, which alerted the U.S. to growing anti-U.S. sentiment in the Middle East, President George W. Bush pledged to double the size of the organization within five years as a part of the War on Terrorism.
